Answer:

Explanation:

e Harappan seal (Fig.1.1) is possibly the most

distinctive artefact of the Harappan or Indus valley

CIVILISATION. Made of a stone called steatite, SEALS

like this one often contain animal motifs and signs

from a script that remains undeciphered. Yet we

know a great deal about the lives of the people who

lived in the region from what they left behind –

their houses, pots, ornaments, tools and seals – in

other words, from archaeological evidence. Let us

see what we know about the Harappan civilisation,

and how we know about it. We will explore how

archaeological material is interpreted and how

interpretations sometimes change. Of course, there

are some aspects of the civilisation that are as yet

unknown and may even remain so.

Terms, places, times

The Indus valley civilisation is also called the Harappan culture.

Archaeologists use the term “culture” for a group of objects,

distinctive in style, that are usually found together within a specific

geographical area and period of time. In the case of the Harappan

culture, these distinctive objects include seals, beads, weights, stone

blades (Fig. 1.2) and even baked bricks. These objects were found

from areas as far apart as AFGHANISTAN, Jammu, Baluchistan

(Pakistan) and Gujarat (Map 1).

Named after Harappa, the first site where this unique culture

was discovered (p. 6), the civilisation is dated between c. 2600 and

1900 BCE. There were earlier and LATER cultures, often called Early

Harappan and Late Harappan, in the same area. The Harappan

civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to

distinguish it from these cultures.

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