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The basic categari plant animal

Answer» Five Kingdom Classification of Plants and AnimalsMarch 7, 2016\xa0by\xa0PMF IAS\xa0Leave a CommentHome\xa0>\xa0General Science\xa0>\xa0Biology\xa0>\xa0Five Kingdom Classification of Plants and AnimalsAccountDownloadsOffers!Biological Classification - General Science\xa0Plant Parts and Their Functions\xa0Extra 10% OFF on ALL for 2 Years13hrs08mins08secsSale ends when the timer hits Zero!\xa0How Does it Work\xa0Table of ContentsBiological Classification of Plants and AnimalsKingdom\xa0MoneraArchaebacteriaEubacteriaPhotosynthetic bacteriaChemosynthetic bacteriaHeterotrophic bacteriaReproductionMycoplasmaKingdom\xa0ProtistaChrysophytesDinoflagellatesEuglenoidsSlime MouldsProtozoansAmoeboid protozoansFlagellated protozoansCiliated protozoansSporozoansKingdom\xa0FungiQ1. Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association ofPhycomycetesAscomycetesBasidiomycetesDeuteromycetesKingdom\xa0PlantaeKingdom AnimaliaViruses, Viroids and LichensViroidsLichensBiological Classification – Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia, Viruses, Viroids and Lichens.Source | Credits | Picture Credits:\xa0NCERT General ScienceBiological Classification of Plants and AnimalsBiological classification of plants and animals was first proposed by\xa0Aristotle\xa0on the basis of simple morphological characters.Linnaeus\xa0later classified all living organisms into two kingdoms – Plantae and Animalia.Whittaker proposed an elaborate five kingdom classification –\xa0Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae\xa0and\xa0Animalia.The main criteria of the five kingdom classification were cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition and reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships [evolutionary development and diversification of a species].At present, the biological classification includes:Kingdom MoneraKingdom ProtistaKingdom FungiKingdom PlantaeKingdom AnimaliaViruses, Viroids and LichensIn the five kingdom classification,\xa0bacteria\xa0are included in Kingdom Monera.Kingdom Protista includes all single-celled eukaryotes such as Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime-moulds and Protozoans.Members of Kingdom Fungi show a great diversity in structures and\xa0habitat. Most fungi are saprophytic in their mode of nutrition.The plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms. Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms are included in this group.The heterotrophic eukaryotic, multicellular organisms lacking a cell wall are included in the Kingdom Animalia.Some acellular organisms like viruses and viroids as well as the lichens are not included in the five kingdom system of classification.Kingdom\xa0MoneraThe organisms in this group areprokaryotes\xa0== do not have a defined nucleus or organelles {Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells}.unicellular\xa0== do any of them show multi-cellular body designs.This group includes all Some well-known bacteria include\xa0blue-green algae\xa0or\xa0cyanobacteria\xa0[have cell walls], and\xa0mycoplasma\xa0[doesn’t possess a\xa0Cell Wall].They are the most abundant micro-organisms and live in extreme habitats.Some of them have\xa0cell walls [bacteria]\xa0while some do not [mycoplasma].The mode of nutrition of organisms in this group can be either by synthesizing their own food (autotrophic) or getting it from the\xa0environment\xa0(heterotrophic). Many of them live in or on other organisms as\xa0parasites.Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shapethe spherical Coccusthe rod-shaped Bacillusthe comma-shaped Vibriumthe spiral SpirillumSome of the bacteria are\xa0autotrophic, i.e., they synthesise their own food. They may be\xa0photosynthetic autotrophic or chemosynthetic autotrophic\xa0(metabolic synthesis of organic compounds by living organisms using energy derived from reactions involving inorganic chemicals).ArchaebacteriaThese bacteria are special since they live in some of the\xa0most harsh\xa0habitats such asextreme salty areas (halophiles),hot springs (thermoacidophiles) andmarshy areas (methanogens) {Microbes In Human Welfare | Useful Microbes}.Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a\xa0different cell wall structure\xa0and this feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions.Methanogens are present in the gut of several ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes and they are responsible for the production of\xa0methane (biogas)\xa0from the dung of these animals.EubacteriaThere are thousands of different\xa0eubacteria or ‘true bacteria’.They are characterized by the presence of a\xa0rigid cell wall, and if motile, a\xa0flagellum.Photosynthetic bacteriaThe\xa0cyanobacteria\xa0(also referred to as\xa0blue-green algae) have chlorophyll a similar to green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs.The cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial, filamentous, freshwater/marine or terrestrial\xa0algae. The colonies are generally surrounded by gelatinous sheath.They often form blooms [algal blooms] in polluted water bodies.Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called\xa0heterocysts, e.g.,\xa0Nostoc\xa0and\xa0Anabaena.Chemosynthetic bacteriaChemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidise various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP production.They play a great role in\xa0recycling nutrients\xa0like nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and sulphur.Heterotrophic bacteriaHeterotrophic bacteria are the most abundant in nature. The majority are important\xa0decomposers.Many of them have a significant impact on human affairs. They are helpful in making\xa0curd from milk, production of antibiotics, fixing nitrogen in legume\xa0roots, etc {Microbes In Human Welfare | Useful Microbes}.Some are pathogens causing damage to human beings, crops, farm animals and pets.Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker are well known diseases caused by different bacteria {Diseases Caused by Microorganisms,\xa0Diseases | Acute, Chronic, Communicable Diseases}.ReproductionBacteria reproduce mainly by\xa0fission.Sometimes, under unfavorable conditions, they produce\xa0spores.They also reproduce by a sort of\xa0sexual reproduction\xa0by adopting a primitive type of DNA transfer from one bacterium to the other.MycoplasmaThe Mycoplasma are organisms that completely\xa0lack a cell wall.They are the smallest living cells known and can\xa0survive without oxygen.Many mycoplasma are pathogenic in animals and plants.Kingdom\xa0ProtistaAll\xa0single-celled eukaryotes\xa0are placed under Protista [Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells].Boundaries of this kingdom are not well defined. This kingdom forms a link with the others dealing with plants, animals and fungi.In this group we include\xa0Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime moulds and Protozoans. Examples are unicellular\xa0algae, diatoms\xa0and\xa0protozoans.Their mode of nutrition can be\xa0autotrophic or heterotrophic.Members of Protista are\xa0primarily aquatic. Some have flagella or cilia that helps in movement.Protists reproduce\xa0asexually\xa0and\xa0sexually\xa0by a process involving cell fusion and zygote formation.ChrysophytesThis group includes\xa0diatoms\xa0and\xa0golden algae (desmids).Most of them are\xa0photosynthetic.\xa0Diatoms\xa0are the chief ‘producers’ in the oceans.They are found in fresh water as well as in marine environments. They are microscopic and float passively in water currents (plankton).In diatoms the cell walls form two thin overlapping shells. The walls are embedded with silica and thus the walls are indestructible. Thus, diatoms have left behind large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat; this accumulation over billions of years is referred to as\xa0‘diatomaceous earth’. Being gritty this soil is used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups.DinoflagellatesThese organisms are mostly\xa0marine\xa0and\xa0photosynthetic.They appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending on the main pigments present in their cells.The cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface.Most of them have\xa0two flagella; one lies longitudinally and the other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates.Very often,\xa0red dinoflagellates\xa0(Example: Gonyaulax) undergo such rapid multiplication that they make the\xa0sea appear red (red tides).Toxins released by such large numbers may even kill other marine animals such as fishes.EuglenoidsMajority of them are\xa0fresh water organisms\xa0found in stagnant water.Instead of a cell wall, they have a protein rich layer called\xa0pellicle\xa0which makes their body flexible.They have two flagella, a short and a long one.Though they are\xa0photosynthetic\xa0in the presence of sunlight, when deprived of sunlight they behave like\xa0heterotrophs\xa0by predating on other smaller organisms.Interestingly, the pigments of euglenoids are identical to those present in higher plants. Example: Euglena.Slime MouldsSlime moulds are\xa0saprophytic protists.The body moves along decaying twigs and leaves engulfing organic material.Under suitable conditions, they form an aggregation called\xa0plasmodium\xa0which may grow and spread over several feet.During unfavorable conditions, the plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips. The spores possess\xa0true walls. They are extremely resistant and survive for many years, even under adverse conditions. The spores are dispersed by air currents.ProtozoansAll protozoans are heterotrophs and live as\xa0predators or parasites. They are believed to be\xa0primitive relatives of animals. There are four major groups of protozoans.Amoeboid protozoansThese organisms live in fresh water, sea water or moist soil.They move and capture their prey by putting out\xa0pseudopodia (false feet)\xa0as in\xa0Amoeba.Marine forms have silica shells on their surface. Some of them such as\xa0Entamoeba\xa0are parasites.Flagellated protozoansThe members of this group are either free-living or parasitic. They have\xa0flagella.The parasitic forms cause diseases such as\xa0sleeping sickness. Example:\xa0Trypanosoma.Ciliated protozoansThese are aquatic, actively moving organisms because of the presence of thousands of\xa0cilia.They have a cavity (gullet) that opens to the outside of the cell surface. The coordinated movement of rows of cilia causes the water laden with food to be steered into the gullet. Example:\xa0Paramoecium.SporozoansThis includes diverse organisms that have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle.The most notorious is\xa0Plasmodium (malarial parasite)\xa0which causes malaria, a disease which has a staggering effect on human population {Diseases Caused by Microorganisms}.Kingdom\xa0FungiThese are\xa0heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms.Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates and hence are called\xa0saprophytes.Those that depend on living plants and animals are called\xa0parasites.Some fungal species live in permanent mutually dependent relationships with\xa0bluegreen algae (or cyanobacteria). Such relationships are called\xa0symbiotic. These symbiobic life forms are called\xa0lichens. They can also live as\xa0symbionts\xa0in association with roots of higher plants as\xa0mycorrhiza.Fungi + Bluegreen algae (Cyanobacteria) == Lichens. (Prelims 2014)Q1. Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association ofalgae and bacteriaalgae and fungibacteria and fungifungi and mossesReproduction in fungi can take place by vegetative means –\xa0fragmentation, fission\xa0and\xa0budding.Asexual reproduction is by\xa0spores\xa0called conidia or sporangiospores or zoospores, and sexual reproduction is by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores.The various spores are produced in distinct structures called\xa0fruiting bodies. The sexual cycle involves the following three steps:Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes called\xa0plasmogamy.Fusion of two nuclei called\xa0karyogamy.Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores {Meiosis | Mitosis – Meiosis Comparison}.When a fungus reproduces sexually, two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types come together and fuse. In some fungi the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in diploid cells (2n).However, in other fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), an intervening dikaryotic stage (n + n, i.e.,\xa0two nuclei per cell) occurs; such a condition is called a dikaryon and the phase is called\xa0dikaryophase\xa0of fungus. Later, the parental nuclei fuse and the cells become diploid. The fungi form fruiting bodies in which reduction division occurs, leading to formation of haploid spores.Many of fungi have the capacity to become multicellular organisms at certain stages in their lives.They have cell-walls made of a tough complex sugar called\xa0chitin.Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water, soil and on animals and plants.They prefer to grow in warm and humid places. With the exception of yeasts which are unicellular, fungi are\xa0filamentous.Their bodies consist of long, slender thread-like structures called\xa0hyphae. The network of hyphae is known as\xa0mycelium.Some hyphae are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm – these are called coenocytic hyphae.Others have septae or cross walls in their hyphae. The cell walls of fungi are composed of\xa0chitin\xa0and\xa0polysaccharides\xa0{Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides | Polysaccharides}.When your bread develops a mould or your orange rots it is because of fungi.The common\xa0mushroom\xa0you eat and toadstools are also fungi.White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to a parasitic fungus.Some unicellular fungi, e.g.,\xa0yeast\xa0are used to make bread and beer.Other fungi cause diseases in plants and animals;\xa0wheat rust-causing\xa0Puccinia\xa0is an important example.Some are the source of antibiotics, e.g.,\xa0Penicillium.PhycomycetesAsexual reproduction takes place by zoospores (motile) or by aplanospores (non-motile).These spores are endogenously produced in sporangium.A zygospore is formed by fusion of two gametes.These gametes are similar in morphology (isogamous) or dissimilar (anisogamous or oogamous).Some common examples are Mucor,\xa0Rhizopus\xa0(the bread mould mentioned earlier) and\xa0Albugo\xa0(the parasitic fungi on mustard).AscomycetesCommonly known as sac-fungi, the as comycetes are mostly multicellular, e.g.,\xa0Penicillium, or rarely unicellular, e.g.,\xa0yeast (Saccharomyces).BasidiomycetesCommonly known forms of basidiomycetes are\xa0mushrooms, bracket fungi or puffballs.They grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps and in living plant bodies as parasites, e.g., rusts and smuts.The asexual spores are generally not found, but vegetative reproduction by\xa0fragmentation\xa0is common.The\xa0*** organs are absent, but plasmogamy is brought about by fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes. The resultant structure is dikaryotic.DeuteromycetesCommonly known as\xa0imperfect fungi\xa0because only the asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are known.Kingdom\xa0PlantaeThese are\xa0multicellular eukaryotes\xa0with\xa0cell walls\xa0mainly made of\xa0cellulose\xa0{Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell}.They are\xa0autotrophs\xa0and use chlorophyll for photosynthesis.A few members are partially heterotrophic such as the\xa0insectivorous plants\xa0or\xa0parasites.\xa0Bladderwort\xa0and\xa0Venus fly trap\xa0are examples of insectivorous plants and\xa0Cuscuta\xa0is a parasite.Plantae includes\xa0algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms\xa0and\xa0angiosperms.Life cycle of plants has two distinct phases – the\xa0diploid sporophytic\xa0and the\xa0haploid gametophytic\xa0– that alternate with each other.The lengths of the haploid and diploid phases, and whether these phases are free-living or dependent on others, vary among different groups in plants. This phenomenon is called\xa0alternation of generation.Kingdom AnimaliaThese include all organisms which are\xa0multicellular eukaryotes\xa0without cell walls. They are\xa0heterotrophs.They directly or indirectly depend on plants for food. They digest their food in an internal cavity and store food reserves as\xa0glycogen or fat {\xa0Carbohydrates\xa0,\xa0Fats – Healthy Fats and Unhealthy Fats}.Their mode of nutrition is holozoic – by ingestion of food.They follow a definite growth pattern and grow into adults that have a definite shape and size.Higher forms show elaborate sensory and neuromotor mechanism. Most of them are capable of locomotion.The sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and female followed by embryological development.Viruses, Viroids and LichensIn the five kingdom classification of Whittaker {Biological Classification} there is no mention of some\xa0acellular\xa0organisms like\xa0viruses\xa0and\xa0viroids,\xa0and\xa0lichens. These are briefly introduced here.Viruses did not find a place in classification since they are not truly ‘living’, if we understand living as those organisms that have a cell structure.The viruses are non-cellular organisms that are characterized by having an inert crystalline structure outside the living cell.Viruses are\xa0obligate parasites. Once they infect a cell they take over the machinery of the host cell to replicate themselves, killing the host.The name virus that means venom or poisonous fluid was given by Pasteur.In addition to proteins, viruses also\xa0contain\xa0genetic material, that could be either\xa0RNA or DNA. No virus contains both RNA and DNA.In general, viruses that infect plants have single stranded RNA and viruses that infect animals have either single or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA.Bacterial viruses or\xa0bacteriophages\xa0(viruses that infect the bacteria) are usually double stranded DNA virusesThe protein coat called\xa0capsid\xa0made of small subunits called capsomeres, protects the nucleic acid. These capsomeres are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms.Viruses cause diseases like mumps, small pox, herpes and influenza. AIDS in humans is also caused by a virus.In plants, the symptoms can be mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing and stunted growth.ViroidsViroids are infectious agents that are smaller than viruses. A viroid was found to be a\xa0free RNA; it\xa0lacked the protein coat\xa0that is found in viruses, hence the name viroid. The RNA of the viroid was of low molecular weight. Viroids caused potato spindle tuber disease.LichensLichens are\xa0symbiotic\xa0associations i.e. mutually useful associations, between\xa0algae and fungi.The algal component is known as phycobiont and fungal component as mycobiont, which are autotrophic and heterotrophic, respectively.Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its partner.So close is their association that if one saw a lichen in nature one would never imagine that they had two different organisms within them.Lichens are very good\xa0pollution indicators\xa0– they do not grow in polluted areas.SharePinWhatsAppEmailTweet44SHARESBiological Classification - General Science\xa0Plant Parts and Their FunctionsFiled Under:\xa0Biology,\xa0General Science Subscribe to our Newsletter Join PMF IAS Telegram ChannelTerms & PrivacyAbout us|Privacy|Terms|Refunds|IPR|DisclaimerFollow Us SupportOffers|Account|Orders|Downloads|Contact usCopyright © 2016-21 Pmfias.com. 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