1.

The stable bivalency of Pb and trivalency of Bi is

Answer»

due to d CONTRACTION in Pb and Bi
due to relativistic contraction of the 6s orbitala of Pb and Bi, LEADING to inter pair effect
due to screening effect
due to attainment of noble configuration.

Solution :In the last element of the group, after the REMOVAL of electrons from p-orbitals, the remaining `ns^(2)` electrons behave like stable noble gas and do not take part in COMPOUND formation. This reluctance of the s-electron pair to take part in chemical combination is called inert pair effect. Thus, for the chemical combination is called inert pair effect. Thus, for the element at the bottom of a group, lower oxidation state is more stable.


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