Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, land (rail and road), water, cable, pipeline and space.

Transportortransportationis the movement of humans, animals andgoodsfrom one location to another.Modes of transportincludeair,land(railandroad),water,cable,pipelineandspace. The field can be divided intoinfrastructure,vehiclesandoperations. Transport is important because it enables trade between people, which is essential for the development ofcivilizations.

Transportinfrastructureconsists of the fixed installations, includingroads,railways,airways,waterways,canalsandpipelinesand terminals such asairports,railway stations,bus stations,warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks andfuel stations) andseaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.

Vehicles traveling on these networks may includeautomobiles,bicycles,buses,trains,trucks,helicopters,watercraft,spacecraftandaircraft.

Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose, including financing, legalities, and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.

Passenger transport may bepublic, where operators provide scheduled services, orprivate. Freight transport has become focused oncontainerization, althoughbulk transportis used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth andglobalization, but most types causeair pollutionanduse large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrainurban sprawl.

HistoryHumans' first means of transport involved walking, running and swimming. Thedomesticationof animals introduced a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing the hauling of heavier loads, or humans riding animals for greater speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and the sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction ofvehicles. Water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back totime immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to theIndustrial Revolution.

The first forms ofroad transportinvolved animals, such ashorses(domesticatedin the 4th or the 3rd millennium BCE),oxen(from about 8000 BCE)[1]or humans carrying goods overdirttracks that often followedgametrails. Many early civilizations, including those inMesopotamiaand theIndus Valley, constructed paved roads. Inclassical antiquity, thePersianandRomanempires built stone-paved roads to allow armies to travel quickly. Deep roadbeds of crushed stone underneath kept such roads dry. The medievalCaliphatelater builttar-pavedroads. The first watercraft werecanoescut out fromtree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used thewindfor propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities that grew up as sites for trading being located on rivers or on the sea-shore, often at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption gravitated as close to each other as feasible.



TheWright brothers' first flight in 1903

TheIndustrial Revolutionin the 19th century saw a number of inventions fundamentally change transport. Withtelegraphy, communication became instant and independent of the transport of physical objects. The invention of thesteam engine, closely followed by its application inrail transport, made land transport independent of human or animal muscles. Both speed and capacity increased rapidly, allowing specialization through manufacturing being located independently of natural resources. The 19th century also saw the development of thesteam ship, which sped up global transport.

With the development of thecombustion engineand the automobile around 1900, road transport became more competitive again, and mechanical private transport originated. The first "modern" highways were constructed during the 19th century[citation needed]withmacadam. Later,tarmacandconcretebecame the dominant paving materials. In 1903 theWright brothersdemonstrated the first successful controllableairplane, and after World War I (1914–1918) aircraft became a fast way to transport people and express goods over long distances.[2]

After World War II (1939–1945) the automobile and airlines took higher shares of transport, reducing rail and water to freight and short-haul passenger services.[3]Scientific spaceflight began in the 1950s, with rapid growth until the 1970s, when interest dwindled. In the 1950s the introduction ofcontainerizationgave massive efficiency gains in freight transport, fosteringglobalization.[4]International air travel became much more accessible in the 1960s with the commercialization of thejet engine. Along with the growth in automobiles and motorways, rail and water transport declined in relative importance. After the introduction of theShinkansenin Japan in 1964, high-speed rail in Asia and Europe started attracting passengers on long-haul routes away from the airlines.[3]

Early inU.S. history,[when?]privatejoint-stockcorporationsowned mostaqueducts,bridges,canals,railroads,roads, andtunnels. Most such transportation infrastructure came under government control in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in thenationalizationof inter-city passenger rail-service with the establishment ofAmtrak. Recently,[when?]however, a movement to privatize roads and other infrastructure has gained some[quantify]ground and adherents.[5]

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