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Topography concerns the shape and character of the Earth's surface, and maps were among the first artifacts to record these observations.[1] In modern mapping, a topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of RELIEF, usually using contour lines (connecting points of equal elevation), but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions REQUIRE a topographic map to show both natural and artificial features.[2] A topographic survey is typically based upon systematic observation and published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that COMBINE to form the whole map. A topographic map series uses a common specification that includes the range of cartographic symbols employed, as well as a standard GEODETIC framework that defines the map projection, coordinate system, ellipsoid and geodetic datum. Official topographic maps also adopt a national grid referencing system.

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