1. Hydraulic washingThe name hydraulic means “operated by the pressure created by forcing water (or) another liquid”. Washing ore with water is known as hydraulic washing. Gold mines make use of the hydraulic washing technique.

An upward stream of running water is used to wash powdered ore. The lighter particles of the gangue are washed away and the heavier ore is left behind. This technique separates the gangue from the ore using the difference in their specific gravities. It is, also known as gravity separation.

2.Magnetic separationMagnetic separation is used when either the ore (or) the impurities in it are magnetic in nature.Ex: Separating iron from its ore hematite

3. Forth Flotation:Froth flotation separates the gangue particles from the ore, based on the fact that gangue is wetted by water, while mineral is wetted by oil.The ore is crushed into fine powder and mixed in water. Then, collectors and stabilisers are added to the water.

A collector is a substance, such as pine oil (or) a fatty acid, which enhances the non-wettability of the ore particles. A stabiliser is a substance like cresol which increases the stability of the froth.The mixture is agitated with the help of a rotating paddle. This draws air into the mixture and froth is generated. The froth is then skimmed off and is dried to recover particles of the ore.

4) Chemical SeparationAseparationprocess is a method that converts amixtureor solution ofchemicalsubstances into two or more distinct productmixtures. Separations exploit differences inchemicalproperties or physical properties (such as size, shape, mass, density, orchemicalaffinity) between the constituents of amixture.

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