Answer:

Q1.

Functions of Political Parties:

1. Parties contest elections:

A political party nominates its candidate for the electoral contest in various constituencies.

2. Policies:

Political Parties put forward different policies and programs so that the voters can chose from them. A political party brings a large number of similar opinion under one umbrella. These opinions are channelized to form policies and programs. The policies of ruling party are expected to be followed.

3. Making Law:

Political party play a decisive role in law making. Legislature passes a law after proper debate. As most of the members belong to political party, therefore political party has direct say in law making.

4. Formation of Govt.

Political Parties form and run govt. The executive body is formed by the ruling party. Various Political leaders are assigned different ministries to carry out task of governance.

5. Playing Opposition:

A party which does not get majority or come under the majority coalition, needs to play the role of opposition.

6. Shaping Public Opinion:

Political parties raise and highlight issues in media and legislature.

7. Access to Govt. machinery and Welfare schemes:

Parties provide people access to govt machinery and welfare schemes since it is EASY to approach local political leader and govt officers.

Q2.

Challenges Faced by Political Parties:

1. Lack Of Internal Democracy within the Parties:

Power in a political party is concentrated among the leaders at the top. So, personal loyalty to the leaders becomes more IMPORTANT than loyalty to party principles.

2. Dynastic Succession:

The top positions of a party are controlled by the members of one family, or people close to the leaders. Few opportunities are GIVEN to a lower level worker to rise.

3. MONEY and Muscle Power:

Parties require money to win elections and this requires a lot of money. Therefore they tend to nominate rich candidates who can raise a lot of money, regardless of their other attributes.

4. No offering of Meaningful Choice:

There is a convergence of ideologies among the major parties. People who want vastly different ideas to come to the forefront have no option open to them.

Q3.

• It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members and follow its own constitution.
• Political parties should have an independent authority, to act as a judge in case of party disputes.
• It should have open elections to the highest posts.
• It should be made mandatory for political parties to give about 1/3rd seats, to women candidates.
• There should be a quota for women in the decision making bodies of the party.
• There should be state funding of elections.
• The government should give parties money to support their election expenses.

Q4.

A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They try to enact laws and start programs that promote the well being of all its citizens.

Q5.

• A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They try to enact laws and start programs that promote the well being of all its citizens.
• Every party has like minded individuals who agree that certain policies are better for the people than other policies.
• The parties try to persuade people that their policies are better than others.
• Parties reflect fundamental political divisions in society. They involve partisanship.Partisanship is a tendency to take a side and the inability to take a balanced view on an issue.
• A political party has three major components, the leaders, the active members and the followers.

Q6.

Political Party

Q7.

c) 1-C; 2-A; 3-D; 4-B

Q8.

A. Kanshi Ram

Q9.

Integral Humanism

Hope It helps you.

But please keep more points for such long answers.