(a) Casting vote is the vote which a chairman can exercise to decide the issue on which members are equally divided or there is a tie. 

(b) Adjournment is a motion which is moved to suspend the entire proceedings of a meeting either for a particular period or indefinitely. “Sine die” means for the indefinite period. 

(c) A quorum means the specified minimum number of qualified persons whose presence is necessary to transact the legally binding business at a meeting. The members who constitute the quorum must be effective members i.e., entitled to vote at the meeting. The meeting is not legally constituted when the quorum is not present. 

(d) A member entitled to attend and vote at a meeting can appoint or nominate another person to attend and vote at the meeting on his behalf. The person so appointed is known as the proxy. The proxy may or may not be a member of the company. Proxies can be appointed in accordance with the provisions of the Articles of Association. The proxy cannot speak at the general meeting nor can he cast a vote unless there is a poll. There are two types of proxies namely special proxy and general proxy.