(a) (i) Europe divided into Power Blocs : The major European nations were divided into Blocs. Germany, Austrian-Hungary and Italy formed Triple Alliance in 1882 AD and Britain, Russia and France formed Triple Entente in 1907. This also caused tension between their relations. 

(ii) Militant Nationalism and Mutual Rivalries : Nationalism in the 19th century had become competitive and aggressive. Love for one’s nation meant hatred towards other nations. The whole atmosphere was charged with narrow militant, atmosphere and inter-state rivalries. 

(iii) Clash of Imperialist Interests and Colonial Rivalry : There were small wars between France and Italy over occupation of Tunis ; between Britain and Russia over Persia etc. 

These wars resulted in two blocs in Europe : Britain, France and Russia on one side and Germany, Austria and Turkey on the other. 

(b) 1. (i) Many small states like Poland, Finland, Latavia etc. were created. 

(ii) The German territory to the West of Rhine Valley was to be occupied by the Allied Troops for 15 years. 

(iii) Germany w as to return Alsac and Lorane to France. 

(iv) She was to hand over Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium. 

(v) She also had to give Scheleswig to Denmark. 

(vi) The German city of Danzing was made a free port in the Polish territory. 

2. (i) Britain and France divided and shared the regions of Togo and the Cameroons (South East Africa). 

(ii) German colonies in East Africa and South-West Africa were shared between England, Belgium, Portugal and South Africa. 

(iii) Japan was given Shantung and Kiau-Chow in China. 

(iv) New Zealand was given Samoa Island. 

(c) (i) Failure of democracies in Europe and the rise of dictatorships in Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, Portugal, etc. 

(ii) Reaction against the unjust and humiliating Treaty of Versailles. 

(iii) Aggressive National and Expansionist pohcy of Italy, Germany, Soviet Russia and Japan. 

(iv) The armament race and the manufacture of deadly weapons of mass destruction.