Answer:

• Printing in the early days:

The invention of the Printing Press had a very lasting effect on the social and cultural life of man. Print initially developed in East ASIA and later developed through Europe and India.

Printed matter CHINESE tradition.

Chinese were the first to have a system of recruitment of civil service personal through open examination. Printing remained confined to examination materials till around the 16th century.

• Features of manuscripts:

1. They were copied on palm leaves or handmade papers. Pages were beautifully illustrated.
2. They were pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation.

• Visual culture:

At the end of the 19th century, a new visual culture had started. With the increasing NUMBER of printing presses, visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies. Painters like Raja RAVI Verma produced images for mass circulation. 

• Print popularized the ideas of the idea of the enlightenment thinkers:

Collectively the writings of thinkers provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism.

Scholars and thinkers argued for the rule of reason rather than custom and demanded that everything is judged through the application of reason and rationality.

• Development of reading mania in Europe:

New forms of popular literature appeared to target new readers. There were ritual calendars along with ballads and folk tales. In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty peddlers known as Chapman and sold for a penny. In France, these low priced books were CALLED Bibliotheque Bleue as they were bound in cheap blue covers. 

• Impact of print on Indian women:

Writers started writing about the lives of women and this increased the number of women readers. Women writers began to write their autobiographies. They highlighted the condition of women, their ignorance and how they were forced to do hard domestic labour.

• Print culture created the conditions within which the French Revolution:

The print popularized the ideas of the enlightened thinkers who attacked the authority of the church and the despotic power of the state. The print created a new culture of dialogue and debate and the public become aware of reasoning. 

• The Vernacular Press Act:

1. In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed by the British Government to impose restrictions on vernacular press, which was responsible for spreading nationalist ideas.
2. The government started to keep a regular track of the The Vernacular Press Act:

In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed by the British Government to impose restrictions on vernacular press, which was responsible for spreading nationalist ideas.

The government started to keep a regular track of the vernacular newspapers and had extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.

vernacular newspapers and had extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.

1. When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned, and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.