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The correct OPTION is (d) All THREE together

Explanation: All the classes can USE any of the SPECIFIERS as needed. There is no restriction on how many of them can be used together.

The correct option is (a) Private

To explain I would say: Private members of a CLASS can’t be inherited. These members can only be ACCESSIBLE from members of its own class only. It is USED to SECURE the data.

The correct option is (b) DEFAULT

Easiest explanation - Default ACCESS is used if the programmer doesn’t specify the SPECIFIER. This ACTS in a similar way as that of private. But since NOTHING is specified we call it to default access.

Right choice is (C) PROTECTED

The BEST I can explain: Protected access is USED to make the members private. But those members can be INHERITED. This gives both security and code reuse capability to a program.

The correct CHOICE is (c) Default members can’t be inherited

For explanation: The default members can be inherited. Provided that they are in same package. It works in a LITTLE DIFFERENT way from PRIVATE access specifier.

Correct option is (B) Public

Best explanation: The implicit constructor will always be public. Otherwise the class wouldn’t be ABLE to have instances. In TURN, no OBJECTS will be created and the class can only be USED for inheritance.

The CORRECT CHOICE is (d) Private, protected and PUBLIC members of class A

The explanation is: Class B OBJECT will not be able to call any of the private, protected and public members of class A. It is not only about the function ADD(), but all the members of class A will become private members of class B.

Right OPTION is (b) All private constructors

The BEST EXPLANATION: All the constructors must be MADE private. This will restrict the instance of class to be made anywhere in the program. Since the constructors are private, no instance will be ABLE to call them and hence won’t be allocated with any memory space.

Correct answer is (a) All the data members are added

The BEST explanation: All the data members are counted to calculate the size of an object of a class. The data member access specifier doesn’t PLAY any ROLE here. HENCE all the data size will be added.

Correct answer is (d) Public

Easiest EXPLANATION - All the MEMBERS MUST be of public access. So that the members can be inherited EASILY. Also, the members will be AVAILABLE from outside the class.

Correct choice is (a) Private

To explain: All the data MEMBERS should be made private to ENSURE the HIGHEST security of data. In special cases we can USE public or protected access, but it is advised to keep the data members private always.

Right option is (a) PRIVATE

Easiest explanation - The function should be MADE private. In this way, the function will be AVAILABLE to be called only from the class member functions. HENCE the function will be secure from the outside WORLD.

The correct choice is (d) Not possible

Best explanation: The private MEMBER FUNCTION will not be accessible from outside the class. Hence any SYNTAX will not work to access the private members. If you have the address of the member, may be you can access those members, but that is a totally DIFFERENT CASE and concept.

Correct answer is (b) Friend function should be used

The best explanation: For calling the function DIRECTLY, we can’t USE another function because that will be indirect CALL. USING friend function, we can access the private MEMBERS directly.

Right answer is (a) True

To explain I would say: The private functions can also be OVERLOADED. This can be done in USUAL way by having the same name of the member FUNCTION and having different SIGNATURE. Only thing is, they must be accessed from members of class only.

The correct option is (d) Private memberfunction can’t be OVERRIDDEN

The explanation: The private member functions can be OVERLOADED but they can’t be overridden. This is because, overriding means a FUNCTION with same name in derived class, GETS more priority when called from object of derived class. Here, the member function is private so there is no way that it can be overridden.

Correct CHOICE is (d) PRIVATE specifier can be used ANYWHERE in class

To explain I would say: The private specifier can be used anywhere in the class as required. It is not a rule to mention the private members first and then others. It is just FOLLOWED to write first for better readability.

The correct option is (c) MEMBERS are secure as private, but can be inherited

The BEST explanation: The members which are made protected, are most secure if INHERITANCE is not used. But, this facility is provided to keep those members private and with that, they can be inherited by other classes. This is done to MAKE the CODE more flexible.

Right option is (a) It’s instance can be created INSIDE the subclasses

The explanation: The instances will be allowed to be created only inside the sub classes. This is because the protected MEMBERS will be inherited and hence the CONSTRUCTOR too. This will ALLOW the subclasses to call the constructor WHENEVER an object is created.

The CORRECT choice is (a) The sub class should INHERIT the parent class privately

To EXPLAIN I would say: The sub class should USE private inheritance. This will allow only the nearest sub classes to inherit the protected members and then those members will BECOME private. Hence further inheritance of those members will not be possible.

Correct choice is (a) Protected members can be accessed outside package USING INHERITANCE, but default can’t

The EXPLANATION: The protected members are allowed in the same package but can also be accessed in other packages using inheritance. But the default members can never be ACCESSIBLE in other packages.

The correct CHOICE is (b) Instance of CLASS can be created anywhere

The explanation is: The instances can be created anywhere in the PROGRAM. This is because the constructors are not considered among the MEMBERS defined in protected mode. Hence the default implicit constructor will be used WHENEVER an object is created.

The correct ANSWER is (d) Protected and Public MEMBERS become protected in subclass

The explanation: The protected and public members of the parent class will become the protected members in subclass. This is predefined RULE of inheritance. The REASON behind is to maintain the level of security in subclass too.

Right option is (d) MEMBERS MUST be made public

To explain I would say: The members must be made public, otherwise it is not possible. In every CASE, the protected members will act as private members if it’s about access specifier. It will only be inherited, that too will lead to make those members protected again, in SUBCLASSES.

Right answer is (b) Members which have to be SECURE and should be USED by other packages/subclass

Explanation: The members which have to be secure and might GET used in other packages or subclasses can use protected access. This ALSO allows the members to be SAFE from accidental modification.

The correct OPTION is (b) False

To EXPLAIN I would say: The statement given is TRUE. The clear difference is protected MEMBERS are available in other packages also, but the default members are available within the package only.

Right OPTION is (a) DEFINE a CONSTRUCTOR in public access with different signature

Easiest EXPLANATION - If a NEW constructor is defined in public access. That will be available to the whole program. Only restriction will be of the way to use it.

The correct choice is (a) Public

Easiest explanation - The access SPECIFIER MUST be public so as to access the members outside the class and anywhere WITHIN the program without USING inheritance. This is a RULE, predefined for the public members.

Correct ANSWER is (d) PUBLIC

The best EXPLANATION: The public members are available to the whole program. This makes the members most vulnerable to accidental changes, which may result in UNWANTED modification and hence unstable PROGRAMMING.

Correct option is (B) False

Easy explanation - The statement given is false. This is because when we inherit the MEMBERS they can either be made more SECURE or be at same access. But the visibility reduction is not possible, for example, if a member is PROTECTED in parent class, then it can only be made protected or PRIVATE in subclass and not public in any case.

Correct choice is (a) All those will be AVAILABLE in subclasses

Explanation: All the members will be available in subclasses. Though it is not GUARANTEED WHETHER the members will be available in subsequent subclasses from the first SUBCLASS.

The correct choice is (a) 1

To explain I WOULD say: There can be only ONE public class in a java program. The public class name MUST MATCH the name of file. And there can’t be more than one class with same name in a SINGLE program in same scope. Hence it is not possible to have more than one public class in java program.

The correct CHOICE is (a) The static MEMBERS can’t be PUBLIC

The explanation is: The static members are not property of any object of the CLASS. Instead, those are treated as property of class. This allows US to have public static members too.

Correct answer is (d) Both classes can have INSTANCES

The best EXPLANATION: CLASS A can have instances as it has public DEFAULT constructor. Class will have its own constructors defined. HENCE both classes can have instances.

Right ANSWER is (c) Public

The explanation: The SPECIFIER that can make PROTECTED member’s protected in subclass and public member’s public in subclass, is public. This is DONE to maintain the security LEVEL of protected members of parent class.

Right option is (d) Public classes can be accessed from any other class USING INSTANCE

To explain: The public class is a USUAL class. There is no special RULE but the members of the class can be accessed from other classes using instance of the class. This is USUALLY useful to define main() function.

The correct option is (c) None of its member function can be called outside the class

Easiest EXPLANATION - According to RULE of private, protected and default access specifiers, none of the members under these specifiers will be able to get INVOKED outside the class. We are not sure about the members of class SPECIFICALLY so other options doesn’t give a fixed answer.

Correct OPTION is (a) Will continue to get inherited subsequently

Easiest explanation - The public INHERITANCE makes the public members of the base class, public in derived CLASSES. This can be USED when the same feature have to be redefined with each new class inheriting the base class.

The CORRECT choice is (d) Private and Protected

The EXPLANATION: Both the private and protected specifiers can make the public members of the base CLASS more secure. This is USEFUL if we stop using the parent class members and use the CLASSES which inherited the parent class, so as to secure data better.