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Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born in a Muslim family in Rameswaram. He was the 11th President of India and who is fondly remembered as People’s President. He completed his schooling at Ramanad, graduation from St. Joseph’s College, Trichy, and went on to study aerospace engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology (MIT) after he joined the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO).

Kalam’s family had become poor at his early age; he sold newspapers to supplement )his family income. Kalam has written many books. Among them, very famous books are India 2020, Wings of Fire, Ignited Minds, The Luminous Sparks and Mission India. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna. India’s v highest civilian honour in 1997.His outstanding work earned him the title of the ‘Missile Man of India’.

Viswanathan Anand won the World Chess Championships five times in 2000, 2007,2008, 2010 and 2012.

Carrom sport Ilavazhagi excels

B.R. Ambedkar was conferred Bharat Ratna in 1990

(b) 15(1) article

Viswanathan Anand became India’s first grandmaster in 1988

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was conferred Bharat Ratna in 1997

1. Attitudes,behaviour 

2. stereotype 

3. Viswanathan Anand 

4. Ilavazhagi 

5. Mariyappan 

6. Dr. Ambedkar 

7. caste system

(a) – (iv) 

(b) – (i) 

(c) – (ii) 

(d) – (iii)

(c) Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

1. Prejudice means to judge other people in a negative or inferior manner, without knowing much about them.

2. It happens when people have false belief and ideas.

Fighting against prejudice and discrimination : 

1. First we should assess our own biases. We should understand what they are. 

2. Keep ourselves accountable. Prejudice is a kind of handicap to our perspective. We are forbidden to think beyond our assumptions. A virtual wall gets built around our objective thinking. 

3. Acknowledge our own biases and  prejudices and actively replace them with more! reasonable alternative.

1. The different forms of inequalities such as caste inequality, religious inequality, race inequality or gender inequality give rise to discrimination.

2. Discrimination can happen on the basis of colour, class, religion gender etc.

3. Treating dark-skinned people differently from fair-skinned people, giving more importance to people of higher than to those of lower caste and thinking boys are smarter than girls are all thoughts of discrimination.

4. Article 15(1) of the consitution states that the State not to discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.

1. Discrimination can be defined as negative actions towards people.

2. Discrimination can happen on the basis of colour, class, religion and gender etc.

(d) All of these

(d) AH of these

Caste discrimination: 

1. Caste system is the most dominant reason for inequality and discrimination in India.

2. In the beginning the society was divided into different groups on the basis of occupation, known as varnas.

3. Leaders like Ambedkar was against caste discrimination.

4. He fought actively for equality among the citizens of India

Gender discrimination:

1. Gender discrimination refers to health, education, economic and political inequalities between men and women in India.

2. For example: A girl is not allowed to go to college after finishing her schooling.

3. Most of the girls are not allowed to select a career of their choice.

4. In some families girls are not allowed to wear modern dresses while boys in such families wear modern dresses.

(a) gender discrimination

The remedial measures for abolishing inequality and discrimination in Indian society are as follows.

1. Wider access to quality based services like healthcare and education for all.

2. Be aware of current gender bias.

3. Make women more visible in public life and institution to eradicate gender disparity.

4. Be open to learning about other religions.

5. Promoting community dining in the classroom may help the students to sit together without any bias of caste, religion or gender.

6. Socialise with people of all types outside home.

7. Effective implementation of laws.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar :

(i) Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town and military cantonment of Mhow in the Central Provinces (now in Madhya Pradesh). 

(ii) He was the 14th and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held the rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.

(iii) His family was of Marathi background from the town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) in Ratnagiri district of modem-day Maharashtra. 

(iv) Ambedkar was bom into a poor low Mahar (dalit) caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.

(v) Ambedkar’s ancestors had long worked for the army of the British East India Company, and his father served in the British Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment.

(vi) Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and given little attention or help by teachers. They were not allowed to sit inside the class. When they needed to drink water, someone from a higher caste had to pour that water from a height as they were not allowed to touch either the water or the vessel that contained it.

(vii) This task was usually performed for the young Ambedkar by the school peon, and if the peon was not available then he had to go without water; he described the situation later in his writings as “No peon, No Water”. He was required to sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home with him.

Dr. Nelson Mandela :

(i) Mandela was bom on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, then part of South Africa’s Cape Province.

(ii) He spent the first 18 of his 27 years in jail at the brutal Robben Island Prison, a former leper colony off the coast of Cape Town.

(iii) He was confined to a small cell without a bed or plumbing and compelled to do hard labor in a lime quarry. ,

(iv) As a black political prisoner, he received scantier rations and fewer privileges than other inmates. He was only allowed to see his wife, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela once every six months.

(v) Mandela and his fellow prisoners were routinely subjected to inhumane punishments for the slightest of offenses; among other atrocities, there were reports of guards burying inmates in the ground up to their necks and urinating on them.

(vi) Despite his forced retreat from the spotlight, Mandela remained the symbolic leader of the antiapartheid movement.

(vii) In 1980 Oliver Tambo introduced a “Free Nelson Mandela” campaign that made the jailed leader a household name and fueled the growing international outcry against South Africa’s racist regime.

(viii) As pressure mounted, the government offered Mandela his freedom in exchange for various political compromises, including the renouncement of violence and recognition of the “independent” Transkei Bantustan, but he categorically rejected these deals.

(ix) In 1982 Mandela was moved to Pollsmoor Prison on the mainland, and in 1988 he was placed under house arrest on the grounds of a minimum-security correctional facility.

(x) The following year, newly elected president F. W. de Klerk lifted the ban and called for a nonracist South Africa, breaking with the conservatives in his party. On February 11, 1990, he ordered Mandela’s release.

(xi) Mandela helped bring an end to apartheid and has been a global advocate for human rights.

(xii) He was a leader of both peaceful protests and armed resistance against the white minority’s oppressive regime in a racially divided South Africa.

(xiii) His actions landed him in prison for nearly three decades and made him the face of the antiapartheid movement both within his country and internationally.

(xiv) Released in 1990, he participated in the eradication of apartheid and in 1994 became the first black president of South Africa, forming a multiethnic government to oversee the country’s transition.

(d) Geography

When prejudice gets stronger, it develops into a stereotype. Stereotype is a false view or idea about something. For example, girls are not good at sports.

1. – v 

2. – iv 

3. – ii 

4. – iii 

5. – ii

Apartheid was abolished in 1990

1. Caste inequality 

2. Religious inequality 

3. Race inequality 

4. Gender inequality

1. When prejudice gets stronger in develops into a stereotype.

2. Stereotype is a false view or idea about something.

3. Stereotype is learned at a very early age, and children grow to have very strong ideas or opinions about things, groups or ideologies.

4. As children grow up, the lines of like and hate for others things, people, cultures, beliefs, languages become sharper.

(c) Ambedkar

1. Prejudices 

2. Rameswaram 

3. Viswanathan Anand 

4. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 

5. Dharmapuri Dist

(d) Dharmapuri

(c) Kanyakumari