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Agricultural crops sown in winter and harvested in the summer season. 

Ex : Wheat, barley, sesame, etc.

Cultivation and harvesting of any domesticated plant sown in the rainy season. 

Ex : Paddy, sugarcane, maize, etc.

It is the product or process of composting using worms usually earthworms is called vermi compost.

1. Sugarcane crop. Because it utilise nearly 90% of Nitrogen. Nitrogen is responsible for formation of new leaves. 

2. Millet crops. 

3. Sugarcane 

4. Sugarcane

• Canals, Bore wells, ponds are the main water sources in our villages. 
• Farmers utilise water from these sources to cultivate crops.

If the stomata closed, then the absorption of carbon dioxide by the plant is less.

Farmers use different methods to remove weeds. Some of them are

1) Manual method: 

Many farmers still remove weeds by manually pulling them out of the field, making sure to include the roots that would otherwise allow them to resprout.

2) Stale seed bed method : 

This method involves cultivating the soil, then leaving it follow for a week or so when the initial weeds sprout, the farmer lightly hoes them away before planting the desired crop.

3) Using Herbicides : 

Selective herbicides kill certain targets while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. 

4) Biological control: 

Vinegar kills the visible part of the weed. They will wrinkle and die next day. 

5) Ploughing & Tilling : 

Ploughing includes filling of soil, inter-cultural ploughing and summer ploughing. Ploughing up roots weeds causing them to die. Mechanical tilling can remove weeds around crop plants at various points in the growing process. Crop rotation method also helps in controlling weeds.

If the absorption of carbon dioxide by the plant is less then the growth of the plant decreases.

If the plant does not get water at this time then the growth of the plant will stopped.

• Some insects control the harmful insects and they are called friendly insects. 

E.g : Spiders, Dragonfly, Krisopa etc. 

• Trachoderma bacterium lives in the eggs of stemborer, tobacco caterpillar destroy the pests at the egg stage. 
• Some bacteria like Bacillus Turengenisis destroy some pests.
• Mixed crops also control some pests and diseases. 
• Hence natural pest control methods are useful to biodiversity because these methods destroys only the selected pests.

• Chemical fertilizers pollute lakes, rivers and streams. 
• They destroy beneficial soil life including earthworms. 
• By using chemical fertilizers, we can get high yielding for only 20 to 30 years. 
• After that soil becomes reluctant to plant growth. 
• Chemical fertilizers damage soil fertility. 
• Make certain crops vulnerable to diseases.
• Prevent some plants from absorbing needed minerals. 
• Food produced by using chemical fertilizers do not taste as good.

• Preparation of soil is done before sowing the seeds.
• The soil is ploughed to loosen and break the solid pieces of soil. 
• The field is watered before sowing. Seed treatments against/soil-borne diseases to reduce the incidence of diseases.

Nowadays farmers use insecticides and other chemicals to save their crop field.

• I prefer catching the insects manually and removed from the field. 
• I also use predatory insects to remove insects from the field. I place lighted bulb (Deepapu Teralu) so that insects could cluster around it. 
• Insecticides are sprayed at regular intervals.

• Sorghum, Pearl millet, Red gram, Green gram, Horse gram can be grown in drought striken area. 
• We can grow these crops by rain water harvesting building check dams, drip irrigation methods, watershed management and soil and water conservation methods.

• It is not beneficial for Somaiah to cultivate sugarcane crop. 
• Sugarcane grown in places where rich water resources are present. 
• “Where do you get water to cultivate sugarcane crop?” I ask this question to Somaiah. 
• I advise him to grow crops which needs less water (Aruthadi Pantalu) in drought prone area.

Uses of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium :

• Increasing area of cultivated land. 
• Increasing production in the existing land. 
• Developing high yielding rice varieties. 
• Conserving the genetic diversity of rice so it can be used in the development of new varieties suited to different growing conditions. 
• Developing rice crop management strategies that improve nutrient use efficiency. 
• Management of crop protection and suitable irrigation methods.
• Organic manure to be used for rice crop. 
• Alternating crops and mixed crop system to be followed.

We should use 

1. High yielding seed 

2. Suitable irrigation system 

3. By using fertilizers and pesticides in a prescribed way 

4. Right time of sowing seeds.

Drip irrigation is a practice in agriculture to prevent water wastage. In this method, water is supplied through small pipes. These pipes have small holes where water pass through drop by drop.

The roots of legumes have nodules on their roots which fix the atmospheric nitrogen due to which the land gets enriched with Nitrogen. Therefore, legumes are grown in a season alternating between cereal crops such as wheat and millet.

By growing same crop year after year in the same soil, the soil shows depletion in certain nutrients. Cropping in this field year after year leads to drop in production of crops. Crop rotation and mixed cropping are very useful in soil replenishment.

• Crop variety improvement programme 
• Crop production improvement 
• Crop protection improvement

• Improves fertility of the soil. 
• It minimises the pest diseases. 
• It controls weeds. 
• It avoids depletion of a particular nutrient from soil.

• He selected high crop yield variety of cotton. 
• He used better crop management methods for high yielding.
• He used better pest controlling method to get high crop yield. 
• He used soil friendly fertilizers to get high yield of crop.

Deficiency of any nutrient affects physiological process in plants including reproduction, growth, and disease resistance.

1. The crop productivity decreases. 

2. Soil fertility gradually decreases. 

3. Attack of pests on crops will increase.

• Ramaiah’s field is not suitable for cultivating sugarcane crop. 
• Because sugarcane needs 90% of nitrogen in the soil but Ramaiah’s field has only 34% of nitrogen. 
• Maize and groundnut can be cultivated in Ramaiah’s field.

a) Insect population :

1. Insect develop immunity to the insecticide used. 

2. And it has any effect on the insect it targets. Hence the number of insects increases,

b) Soil ecosystem :

1. A large percentage of insecticide chemicals remain in the soil. 

2. These chemicals kill the worms in the soil which are useful to soil. 

3. Hence soil ecosystem destroys by increasing the concentration of salts in the soil.

• When we use insecticides to kill pests or weedicides/herbicides to destroy weeds, a large percentages of herbicides, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides remain in the soil. 
• From the soil, these chemicals find their way into water sources. 
• People spray these chemicals in fields are exposed to them and some of the chemicals enter their body. 
• Insecticides destroy all insects in which some of them are useful in pollination. 
• Extensive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and weedicides makes the soil unsuitable to grow crops after sometime.