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The correct choice is (a) HOT air sterilization

The best I can explain: Gauze and cotton are cloth materials which have their own PORES. Using moist sterilization will cause them to BECOME wet and they may not dry out. Chemical sterilization also poses the same problem, the chemicals may stay back and adhere to the gauze and cotton. For sterilization under pressure, again moisture is required. THUS, hot air sterilization is USED. Hot air at high temperature and pressure is blown and the gauze and cotton are sterilized.

The correct CHOICE is (a) catheter

To EXPLAIN: Catheter is a soft instrument, made of polymers rather than any METALLIC substance. The high heat and water pressure of the autoclave can cause the polymer to melt or get damaged. THUS, it undergoes CHEMICAL treatment.

Correct option is (b) providing sterile equipment to the operation theater

Easiest explanation: CSSD stands for Central Sterile & SUPPLY DEPARTMENT. All the equipment that is used in the hospital, especially surgeries, is kept in this store. The area is responsible for DISINFECTING all the equipment and preparing it for use again and keeping the disinfected instruments in a sterile environment.

The correct answer is (b) Gauze

To ELABORATE: A gauze is like a bandage that is USED to wrap up an injury. Since it is made of cloth, it cannot UNDERGO wet sterilization as it may not dry out and become a site of infections. Thus, it is sterilized in dry conditions like in an oven or a microwave or some other HEAT therapy.

Correct option is (b) T = 18 – 22 ℃, H = 40% – 50% air exchanges = 10 – 12 per hour

Best explanation: An OT is NORMALLY cool without being cold. The humidity and temperature NEED to be maintained so that the body does not go into any other kind of shock. Once under anaesthesia, the normal functions like homeostasis of the body can also get disrupted thus an external maintenance is needed. It is important for fresh air to keep circulating in the room so that the risk of infection goes down. The number of exchanges can’t be too high to avoid cooling nor can they be too LOW or else infectious PARTICLES may settle down.

The correct choice is (a) The injury should not be infected

The explanation: For a person directly out of surgery, the MAIN concern is that the site of OPERATION and injury should not be infected. An operated person is given a sponge BATH if the need arises but MOSTLY after surgery, they should keep away from WATER. The parameters that were observed before and during the surgery, the same parameters are monitored even after the surgery.

Correct option is (B) AUTOCLAVE

The explanation is: An autoclave produces steam at high temperature and maintains great pressure to destroy the MICROBES. The autoclave does HEAT and steam treatment of the instruments at 134℃ for THREE minutes or at 121℃ for fifteen minutes. This high pressure and high heat treatment help destroy a number of microbes.

Right option is (a) Heat Sealing Machine

The explanation: The gauze and cotton are placed in special pouches which have been SEALED from THREE sides before hand. After the gauze or the cotton has been placed, the FOURTH side, which is OPEN is placed in between the heat sealing tubes and the POUCH is sealed.

The correct choice is (b) In oven

Explanation: The oven is a specialized device that helps in DRY sterilization with the help of heat. It may ALSO USE some gases at TIMES to sterilize the object. Dry Air sterilization is also DONE. Other devices for dry sterilization are microwaves, hot air sterilization, desiccators etc.

Right CHOICE is (b) 35-75

To explain: The ventilator MONITORS the amount of oxygen being inhaled and exhaled by the body. At TIMES, there can arise a SITUATION where even under the normal settings of the ventilator the person can feel shortness of breath. In such cases, oxygen flush is given in which more than normal amount of oxygen is given at a higher pressure to STABILIZE the person.

Right option is (b) N2O

The BEST explanation: N2O is also known as laughing gas. It is also used as a MILD ANESTHETIC. It is used in dentistry and as a carrier gas during general anesthesia. It is administered via inhalation, absorbed through diffusion and removed via the normal respiration PROCESS.

The correct answer is (a) Given specifically ordered oral medications with small amounts of water

The best I can explain: GENERAL Anesthesia is the process in which the whole body BECOMES numb and the mind is unconscious. In such cases, the mind has no control over the BLADDER or the sphincter muscles. The GI TRACK is usually kept empty before the procedure to AVOID any urinary or faecal discharges. It is also best kept empty to avoid any discharges of the GI track from leaking in the abdominal, which may end up causing infections after the surgery.

Correct answer is (d) Temperature greater than 96.8

To explain I would say: Patients RECOVERING from surgery and anesthesia have lost physiologic homeostasis. They’re at risk for respiratory and circulatory deficits, reduced PHYSICAL activity and alterations in core BODY temperature and LEVEL of consciousness. It is an essential condition for discharge to possess a core body temperature of not LESS than 36° C (96.8° F).

The correct choice is (d) Cover the site with saline-soaked sterile gauze

Easiest explanation: When an abdominal wound eviscerates, the organs ACTUALLY have shifted and come out. In such cases, emergency medicine must be applied FIRST. Using a saline soaked sterile gauze will control any infection and KEEP the wound as clean and harmless as possible. Keeping the bandage well soaked will ensure that the bandage does not stick to the wound and is easily removable otherwise pulling the bandage off can cause other complications. The further procedures are taken care of by the DOCTORS.

The correct option is (d) Bakelite

Explanation: Suturing is the process of closing the wound. It is EITHER stitched back or stapled back. Various DIFFERENT materials are used to SUTURE the wound. Bakelite is hard, non flexible material so it cannot be used as a suture thread but recent trials are being made to DEVELOP a suturing NEEDLE from Bakelite.

Right option is (b) 4 – 5

For explanation: The table is divided in such a way that during an operation a certain area of the body can be elevated and it allows better ACCESS to the area to the surgeon. The main four divisions of the bed are for the head, THORAX, thigh and then legs. SOMETIMES, there is a support for the waist in the abdomen and leg pelvic region.

The CORRECT choice is (b) 1 nm

To elaborate: A SCANNING electron microscope (SEM) is used in NEUROSURGERY. It can give a good resolution up to 1 nm. Neurosurgery DEALS with nerves and neurons and it needs good magnification and resolution to look into the structures properly.

The correct answer is (B) Every 15 mins

For explanation: Usually the patient remains in PACU for 60-90 minutes after surgery DEPENDING upon patient response. Vitals like heart RATE, body temperature, oxygen levels, ENSURING airways need to be constantly monitored in the immediate post-op period.

Right choice is (d) 97 %

The EXPLANATION: After oxygenation, the partial PRESSURE of oxygen INCREASES. At this POINT, arterial blood has 0.29 ML oxygen in 5 ml of blood and veins have 0.12 ml of oxygen in 5 ml of blood. This way, we find that 3% oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood and 97% in a hemoglobin.

Correct answer is (a) True

Best explanation: Ventilator is supposed to ensure proper oxygen supply during operation. Depending on PARAMETERS LIKE heart rate, weight, etc ventilation PATTERN is selected and adjusted for the PATIENT and the ventilator follows that. Often times, this ventilator pattern may clash with the NORMAL breathing of the person. It may send in oxygen when the person is trying to exhale or the breathing of the device may not be synchronized.

Correct answer is (c) Ambulatory Bag

Easy EXPLANATION: An ambulatory bag has a mouth piece which is PLACED in the mouth of the PATIENT and a RUBBER bulb which is used to pump air. It is a self-inflating bag and so it keeps getting air. Once the bulb is compressed, the air is sent back to the patient in their RESPIRATORY tract.

The correct answer is (b) To reduce the possibility of jaundice

For explanation I would say: After birth, the liver of an infant becomes very ACTIVE. This is because the environment of the child CHANGES completely and to ensure that the body is under no harm, the activity of the liver INCREASES. This increased activity causes a RISE in the production of bile pigments and causes jaundice. To ensure that jaundice does not harm the baby, a baby after birth is placed under mild UV LIGHT and kept for monitoring.

The correct choice is (a) True

Best explanation: An obese person is the ONE whose body MASS INDEX is high and they are overweight. Obesity can cause a condition called sleep apnea in which a person SNORES due to trouble in breathing. Under anesthesia, a person may stop breathing at all for a few SECONDS which is dangerous for the patient. Thus, if the surgery is not a life saving one, a person is recommended to lose weight before they are operated upon.

The correct ANSWER is (a) O2 and N2O

Easiest explanation: In general ANESTHESIA, the gases are given through a face mask. Oxygen is given to allow normal breathing while nitrous oxide is given to anesthise the patient. However, in MAJOR OPERATIONS, nitrous oxide is USED more as a carrier gas as it alone is not powerful enough to anesthise the patient.

Right option is (b) DRY gases

For explanation: Our body is made of almost 60% of water and maintaining the water balance in the body is important. The lining of the RESPIRATORY tract CONTAINS mucus to trap any unwanted particles in the air. Even the lungs contain some percentage of water in form of moisture to BETTER facilitate the exchange of gases in the body. Thus, when the air that is sent into the body has a low moisture content, it starts taking in moisture from the body which in the LONG run can desiccate the cells and cause bleeding. This causes the lung compliance the fall as well.

Right ANSWER is (a) Tuberculosis

Explanation: When a person is lying down for LONG periods of time, the most commonly known problem that occurs is bed sores. HOWEVER, long periods of bed rest also causes water to be slowly ACCUMULATED in the LUNGS. Due to the horizontal posture of the body, the body is not able to expel microorganisms as properly as it does in the vertical posture. The existing and accumulated water in the lungs becomes their breeding ground and the person suffers from tuberculosis.

Correct choice is (a) To supply moisture in the form of droplets

The explanation is: Nebulizers are USED to convert the liquids into GASEOUS form and is SENT on the respiratory path. This is also a method to deliver medicines in CASE of asthma attack, COPD etc. If the air does not contain a sufficient AMOUNT of moisture in it, it can cause a drying and desiccation of the respiratory track and pathway. This can cause problems like bleeding and injury. Thus, nebulizers are used to maintain moisture levels of the air.

Correct option is (a) True

Easy explanation: During surgery, high levels of sterility is maintained, be it the instruments used, the operation theatre or EVEN the operation table. However, the risk of INFECTIONS ALWAYS exists. Thus, people with a history of a heart disease may have a weaker heart and so they are PUT on a prophylactic antibiotic to prevent BACTERIAL endocarditis.

Correct option is (b) PACU

Explanation: After the surgery, a patient is shifted to PACU (Post Anesthesia Care UNIT). After a surgical procedure, anesthesia reversal is DONE and if needed, it is followed by EXTUBATION. The patient is monitored here for a duration which depends upon FACTORS like the surgery performed, length of the surgery, type of anesthesia administered and the level of consciousness of the patient.

The CORRECT option is (a) Topical Anesthesia

Easy explanation: When anything is applied externally on the skin, it is called a topical application. Thus, the anesthesia that is applied DIRECTLY on the skin is called as topical anesthesia. It numbs a certain REGION of the skin and ALLOWS surgical procedures to happen.

Correct option is (b) 2300 ML

Easiest explanation: Residual Lung capacity is the amount of AIR that STAYS in the lungs after normal expiration. Lungs normally have 2800 ml is a normal volume in which the tidal volume is 500 ml. This is the amount of air taken in and given out normally. Since the LEFT side of the lung is little smaller to accommodate the heart, there are some minor volume differences between the two lungs.

The correct OPTION is (a) AUDITORY Evoked Potential

Best explanation: One of the methods to measure changes in the levels of consciousness during ANESTHESIA is Auditory Evoked Potential (AEP) which is a neuro-physiological INDICATOR of the changes in the level of consciousness during anesthesia. In this, the person is given an auditory STIMULUS and the EEG response of the person is noted. This allows the doctor to realize the level of consciousness of the person.

Correct choice is (c) copper

The best I can explain: A VAPOURIZER is a machine that heats water and converts it into steam. This instrument is USED to maintain the humidity of the room and is often used to GIVE steam to a PATIENT. Of all the three materials, copper has the best CONDUCTIVITY for heat and it helps the water heat up faster. Thus, copper coils or copper based vessel is used in a vapourizer.

The correct ANSWER is (c) Patient knowledge of rehabilitation

Best explanation: The main goal of preoperative care is to reduce the patients surgical and anaesthetic perioperative MORBIDITY or mortality and to allow the patient to get back to their original state as soon as possible. Thus, it is IMPORTANT to know the medical history of the patient. This also helps to guide the patient better for POST OPERATION rehabilitation.

The correct choice is (b) 3^rd and 4^th Lumbar space, 5^th lumbar and 1^st sacral space

For explanation I would say: A spinal ANESTHESIA is given when the lower body is being operated upon. The lumbar region can numb the abdominal areas and allows the operation of the GI TRACK and the sacral area numbs the lower extremities. Since the sacral and coccyx bones are almost FUSED together, 1st sacral space is the only ACCESSIBLE space.

Right option is (c) Bellows

The best explanation: The bellows are like PUMPS that send in the air to the PATIENT. They hold a certain VOLUME of air and gives it to the patient at a certain pressure. They work like a NORMAL pump, they SUCK air from the supply tank in a proportionate ratio and allow it to mix. Then, they force the air out from a tube and it is received by the patient.

The correct choice is (b) 6 hours

Explanation: A heart lung machine or rather a cardiopulmonary bypass machine is used during a cardiac surgery. The machine acts like the heart, it receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the body. It receives DEOXYGENATED blood from the body and sends it to the lungs. However, since its a machine, various PROBLEMS like clotting, LEAKAGE, air bubble etc may happen so it is recommended that the machine is not used for more than six hours. Under EXTREME precautions and severely critical CASES, it can be used for ten hours.

The correct answer is (b) 3

Easy explanation: Before entering an OT, normally there will be three ZONES. The outermost zone is a waiting zone, until where the patient may be accompanied by a family MEMBER. Here is also a nursing management station where the nurses and doctors go through the final paperwork for operation. The next zone is the changing zone. The changing rooms are right next to the entry so that the doctors, nurses, and technicians can immediately change into their OT scrubs. Even the shoes need to have a covering or normally they have different PAIRS of shoes and slippers in the changing room. Beyond that is the anesthesia room where the vitals are monitored for one last time and anesthesia is administered. Finally comes the operation theater. Within the zones, there are often resting chambers for the OT staff, OFFICES of the surgeons, pharmacy and supply door to C.S.S.D.

Correct choice is (a) Lung collapse

The best EXPLANATION: A SPIROMETER is used to help the lungs regain their strength. After a surgery, due to the use of the ventilator, the lungs may feel a LITTLE ABNORMAL and may have a weakness. This is also possible due to age. The person is made to breathe into the spirometer to exercise their lungs and regain normal lung function. Normally, 10 to 15 breaths with the spirometer every 1 to 2 hours is prescribed, or as often as instructed by your nurse or doctor.

Right answer is (a) TRACHEOTOMY

To explain: Tracheotomy is a PROCESS in which an incision is made on the THROAT and the respiratory passage is ACCESSED. A tube is directly inserted in the passage and the VENTILATOR is used to send air into the tube. Thus, the air is given directly in the trachea and lungs. This happens in very severe cases when the person is not able to breathe by themselves.

The correct ANSWER is (b) Auscultate for bowel sounds every 4 hours

Best explanation: Paralytic ileus is an obstruction of the intestine due to paralysis of the intestinal MUSCLES. The paralysis does not NEED to be complete to cause ileus, but the intestinal muscles MUST be so inactive that it prevents the passage of food and leads to a functional blockage of the intestine. It inhibits propulsive bowel MOVEMENT and hence frequently needs to be assessed.

Correct choice is (d) Moisture CONTENT of the EXHALED air

Easiest explanation: When a person goes for surgery, certain conditions need to be maintained. They include the blood pressure, blood sugar, pulse oximetry, ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY etc. The moisture content of the exhaled air, though important, but it does not affect anesthesia. If the moisture content falls below, the ventilator adjusts it automatically but the other parameters all need to be monitored by the DOCTORS.

Correct CHOICE is (a) 275-345

Explanation: The gas that is refined in the air treatment PLANT and then sent to the patients VIA the wall fittings or to the ventilator, it has to maintain a higher pressure so that the gas can travel long distances with a good VELOCITY. If the pressure is low, the velocity of the gases will be less and then the gases which have regulated temperature and moisture may loose their heat and WATER content.