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Correct option is (B) Cardiotocograph

To explain I would say: CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY (CTG) is a technical means of recording the fetal heartbeat and the uterine contractions during pregnancy. The machine used to perform the monitoring is CALLED a cardiotocograph, more commonly known as an electronic fetal monitor(EFM).

The correct answer is (c) ST segment

Easiest explanation: The ST segment is a signal of low AMPLITUDE and low-frequency content. Therefore, a sampling rate of 250 samples /s is adequate. To ensure that the ST segment can be measured accurately, the incoming ECG signals must have a low-end BANDWIDTH of 0.05 Hz.

The CORRECT OPTION is (c) The Balke-Ware Protocol

Explanation: There are two basic KINDS of EXERCISE protocols used in treadmill tests: i) The Balke-Ware Protocol and ii) The Bruce Protocol. Both protocols are satisfactory for most CLINICAL purposes. However, they may have to be modified to suit the condition of the individual being subjected to exercise testing.

Right OPTION is (c) ECG

Easy explanation: The SLOW sweep is an outcome of the LOW frequency character of the ECG signal. The slow sweep speed necessitates the use of a long persistence screen so as to enable a convenient observation of the WAVEFORM. Without a long persistence screen, one can only see a moving dot of light instead of a continuous trace.

Correct choice is (a) CARDIAC Monitor

The best EXPLANATION: A Cardiac monitor is SPECIFICALLY useful for monitoring patients with cardiac problems and the special AREAS in the hospitals where they are generally USED are known as cardiac care units or coronary care units (CCU). These instruments are also called ‘Cardioscopes’.

The CORRECT choice is (b) Intrauterine pressure measurement

Easy explanation: The FOLLOWING techniques are commonly used in uterine contraction in most of the cardiotocographic monitoring: I) Indirect METHOD: Tocodynamometry (using TOCOTONOMETER to sense changes in uterine tension transmitted to abdominal skin surface) II) Direct method: Intrauterine pressure measurement (using a fluid-filled intracervical catheter with strain gauge transducer).

Correct answer is (b) abdomen

Easy explanation: Foetal electrocardiogram is recorded by suitably placing the electrodes on the mother’s abdomen and recording the combined MATERNAL and foetal ECG. The MAXIMUM amplitude of FECG (R wave) recorded during pregnancy is about 100 to 300 mV. This magnitude is MUCH smaller than in the typical adult ECG which is about 1 mV in the standard lead connection.

Correct answer is (b) 2-3%

The explanation: CARDIOTOCOGRAPHS are designed to MEASURE and record foetal HEART rate on a beat-to-beat basis rather than on an average basis. NORMALLY, accuracy of MEASUREMENT may be 2–3% for the classification of responses.

Correct choice is (a) Sphygmomanometer

The explanation is: Sphygmomanometer, an instrument for MEASURING BLOOD pressure, typically consisting of an inflatable rubber cuff which is applied to the arm and connected to a COLUMN of MERCURY next to a graduated scale, enabling the determination of systolic and diastolic blood pressure by increasing and GRADUALLY releasing the pressure in the cuff.

Correct OPTION is (b) heart rate meter

Easy explanation: ‘Cardioscopes’ and comprise of disposable type pregelled electrodes to pick up ECG signal. Amplifier and a cathode ray TUBE (CRT) for the AMPLIFICATION and display the ECG which enable DIRECT observation of the ECG waveform.A heart rate meter to indicate average heart rate with audible beep or flashing LIGHT or both with each beat.

Right option is (b) False

Explanation: False, Cardioscope differ in two IMPORTANT aspects as COMPARED to the conventional instrument. These are slower sweep speeds and a long persistence SCREEN. The slow sweep speed necessitates the use of a long persistence screen so as to enable a CONVENIENT observation of the WAVEFORM.

The correct choice is (c) Amplifier

To ELABORATE: ‘Cardioscopes’ and COMPRISE of DISPOSABLE type pregelled electrodes to PICK up ECG signal. Amplifier and a cathode ray tube (CRT) for the amplification and display the ECG which enable direct observation of the ECG waveform.

Right OPTION is (d) Maternal ECG

Easy explanation: The major SOURCES of noise in the FOETAL ECG signal recorded from the maternal abdomen are (i) amplifier input noise, (ii) maternal muscle noise (EMG), (iii) fluctuations in electrode polarization potential, and (iv) maternal ECG. For practical purposes, the first three of these sources can be considered as random whereas the maternal ECG is a periodic noise source.

Correct option is (B) False

To explain I would say: False, Cardiotocographs are designed to MEASURE and record foetal heart rate on a beat-to-beat BASIS RATHER than on an AVERAGE basis. Normally, accuracy of measurement may be 2–3% for the classification of responses.

Correct option is (c) 15

For explanation: Foetal heart RATE MONITORING in the labour ward has generally been carried out on an intermittent basis. It has been traditional to LISTEN to the foetal heart sounds at intervals of up to EVERY 15 minutes. This is done by using the Pinard stethoscope.

Correct option is (d) Alfonso

Best explanation: Alfonso compares various algorithms employed for processing stress ECG signals. It MAY be observed that the EXERCISE test when applied in an appropriate manner and interpreted by an experienced CARDIOLOGIST is a very useful tool in the functional ASSESSMENT of normal and abnormal cardiovascular physiology.

Correct option is (c) Silver-Silver electrode

Best EXPLANATION: The GSR is measured most conveniently at the palms of the hand, where the body has the highest concentration of sweat glands. The measurement is made using a dc CURRENT source. Silver-silver electrodes are used to measure and RECORD the BSR and GSR.