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(a) Kalpana Chawla

In which year department of atomic energy led by famous scientist Homi Jahangir Bhabha was re-established as ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) in 1969. 

(a) Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Dr. A.P.J.Abdul Kalam was born on October 15, 1931. Dr Kalam as a scientist and engineer was involved in many important projects of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). During the work in ISRO he played a major role in development of India’s first indigenous satellite launching vehicle (SLV-3), and with help of it in July 1980, the Rohini Satellite was successfully established in near earth’s orbit.
Dr. Kalam had special contribution in missile development programme in India. That is why Dr Kalam is also known as “Missileman”. He became the 11th President of India. In addition to it he had written many books. The government of India has honoured him Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan, Bharat Ratna and many more prizes. Dr. Kalam died on July 27, 2015 in Shillong, Meghalaya.

(b) Shri HariKota, Chennai

Geo-stationary Satellite and Polar Satellite.

IRS-IA, IRS – 2B, IRS – 3C.

Types of Artificial Satellites: Depending upon the distance from the Earth surface and the uses, artificial satellites are divided broadly into two categories:
(i) Geo Stationary Satellite:
Every satellite moves around the earth in its fixed path called orbit. Any satellite which is moving around the earth but when seen from the earth it looks stationary is called Geo Stationary Satellite. This satellite is located at approx. 36000 km. height from the earth’s surface. These satellites move in equatorial orbit. The revolutional period of Geo-stationary satellite is equal to the rotational period of earth hence its direction of movement is like earth i.e. west to east it completes its one revolution around the earth in 24 hours in its own orbit. Hence it looks stationary when seen from earth. It is used in satellite, telephone, television, radio and in other global communication so, it is also called communication satellite.
(ii) Polar Satellite:
Those satellites which move in Polar orbit on earth are called Polar Satellites. They have distance from earth’s surface 500-800 km. They give information about atmosphere like – Ozone layer, pictures of clouds etc. Informations given by Polar satellites are remote sensing and important to study weather and environment. The important is that Polar satellites can observe whole earth with the help of their cameras twice in a day. Those satellite that get information about any thing or substance without coming in contact of it is called remote sensing. India has launched many Remote sensing satellites like – IRS – IA, IRS-2B, IRS-3C etc. micro waves and radio waves can travel in vacuum i.e. without medium.

1. To estimate the crop area and production.
2. To spy monitoring of army activities,
3. To identify the exact location of aeroplane, ship etc.

India’s first artificial satellite Aryabhatt, was named after the famous Indian Mathematician Aryabhatta. It was launched on 19th April 1975 from Baikanour space centre, Soviet Union (Russia). Its main work was to study Earth’s atmosphere.

The full form of INCOSPAR is Indian National Council for Space Research.

The satellite whose orbital period i.e. equal to the period at which the earth rotates in its own axis (24 hours), looks stable with respect to earth. These satellites are called geostationary satellite.

ISRO has launched a satellite on Feb- 5, 2003, it was named as KALPANA-1 in memory of first Indian woman space astrorfaut Kalpana Chawla.

The geo-stationary satellite look stationary because its orbital period is same as the rotation period of the earth.

Man made satellites which are moving around other planets are called artificial satellites and are different from natural satellites. These satellites have made firm and regular communication from satellites to earth, we are able to use television, radio, mobile etc.
Uses of artificial Satellite:
Artificial satellites are very useful to us. In many areas we are getting information and facility using artificial satellites.
For example:

1. Telecommunication means Telephone, Mobile, Television, Internet etc. receives signal from different locations on earth and transmit it to another position of earth.
2. To obtain the information about the data collected from meteorological and geological areas.
3. To estimate the crop area and production.
4. To provide warning about the drought and flood and to estimate the loss from these calamities.
5. To discover underground water reservoir and water management.
6. To identify the mineral in geological repositories.
7. To assist the forest conservation by surveying the forest areas.
8. To monitor the airports, seaports, and defence post etc. So that it preserve the security management easily.
9. To spy monitoring of army activities.
10. To get information about the events happening in space and atmosphere.
11. To identify the exact location of aeroplane, ship, person, and object.

Number of planets in our solar system are 8.

(d) Columbia

Kalpana Chawla.

Remote sensing is such an art from which the information about the events and objects at far places can be gathered without getting in physical touch with them. The satellite remote sensing includes receiving photographs and electromagnetic records from camera, special inspection and receiving instruments attached to the satellite revolving around the earth, their analysis and sending them to the special centres on the earth.

Man made satellites which are moving around other planets are called artificial satellites and are different from natural satellites. While natural satellites are natural objects that orbit the other planets and our own earth. Moon is the natural satellite of the earth.

Indian National committee for space research (INCOSPAR) was called by Department of Atomic Energy in 1962 led by famous scientist Homi Jahangir Bhabha. It was re-established in 1969 as ISRO (ISRO- Indian Space Research Organization). In India, manufacturing of satellites, development and launching are done by ISRO. Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai is credited to start Indian space programme. Space and planets related research and development works are being carried out with the help of space based experiments done by ISRO. Dr. A.P. J.Abdul Kalam played a vital role in manufacturing Indian satellite launching vehicle during working on many important projects of ISRO.

Nowadays, Indian become self-reliant in manufacturing of the high standard satellite launching vehicle. America and other countries also use Indian satellite launching vehicles to launch their artificial satellite. ISRO has launched more than 50 satellites of other countries. ISRO’s centres are all over India. Its main launching centre is at Shri Harikota (SHAR), near Chennai. National centre for space related research is Physical Research Laboratory at Ahmedabad (PRL). Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre is located in Thiruvanthapuram. A remote sensing centre is also located at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, to study the obtained maps, information and other data, etc. from artificial satellites.

Yuri Gagarin of Russia.

Due to earth’s gravitational force all the objects thrown up come down while an artificial satellite do not because it is launched more than the speed of gravitational force i.e. 4.2 km/sec. So it crosses the gravitational force of the earth and move around the earth in fixed orbit.

1. escape velocity
2. fixed
3. Aryabhatta

The first satellite designed and constructed in India was APPLE.

(d) None of these

(b) Revolve around the earth

The satellite used for communication is called I.R.S.I.

By Russia first artificial satellite was sent into space on 4th October, 1957.

The first artificial satellite sent in space was Sputnik – I.

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False
7. True
8. True
9. True
10. False

Rohini satellite was launched from the launch vehicle SLV-3 constructed in India.

(b) Aiyabhatta

(c) Education

India launched its first educational satellite EDUSAT in the year 2004.

A satellite which revolves in polar orbits of earth is called polar satellite. Polar satellite revolves at less height from the earth surface. The satellite’s distance from earth surface is approximately 500 km to 800 km. Through polar satellites many important information can be gathered such as images of clouds, information about atmosphere, hole in ozone layer etc. The important thing is that a polar satellite can observe earth’s whole surface once or twice a day through its camera.

In the starting of 1980, the INSAT series satellites were launched into space with the help of European launching vehicle. These are used to gather information about weather and telecommunication.

ISRO’s centres are as follows:

1. SHAR-Shri Harikota near Chennai.
2. PRL- Physical Research Laboratory- Ahmedabad.
3. USSC- Vikram Sarabhai Space centre- Thiruvananthapur am.
4. RSC- Remote Sensing centre – Jodhpur Rajasthan.