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ViewState is used to persist the data of page or page controls on postback. Viewstates are present on a page as a hidden field with data in an encrypted format. We can store any kind of data.

Advantages:

1. STORED only at the client side, not on the server side.
2. Since data in ViewState is ALWAYS in encrypted form, hence secure.
3. Viewstates can be enabled or DISABLED by viewstate properties.
4. Viewstates can implement it at the page level or at the control level.

Disadvantages:

1. If the size of viewstate data BECOMES large, then there might be a page load problem.
2.   data is limited to the current page only, its information cannot be passed from one page to another.

Example:

Advantages of using session:

• It helps us to maintain user state/data.
• It is very easy to implement.
• A session can store any kind of object in it. : Example: datatable, dataset... etc.
• By using session we don't need to worry about data collapse because it stores every client data separately.
• A session is secure and TRANSPARENT from the user.
• It is a global storage mechanism which helps in accessing the value from all pages in the web application
• It is easy to use as session stores data in memory object of the current application domain.
• It stores the client data separately so there is no worry about data collapse
• It is secure and transparent from the user.
• It can work in the multi-PROCESS configuration.
• It always ENSURES data DURABILITY, since the session state RETAINS the data even if the works process restart

Sessions are used in ASP.NET applications for state management. Sessions also make use of COOKIES to associate sessions with the correct user. But when BROWSER cookies are turned off then in that case COOKIE-less sessions are used. It APPENDS the values to the browser’s URL that is required to associate with the user.

By default sessions use a cookie in the background, to enable cookie-less sessions, the following settings are required to make in web.config file.

The possible options to set cookieless options  are:

1. UseCookies: cookies are always used.
2. UseUri: Instead of cookies, use the URL to STORE the session id
3. UseDeviceProfile: Sessions uses cookies if the browser supports, else URL is used.
4. AutoDetect: Session uses browser cookies if cookies are enabled else URL is used to store session

A ‘RECTANGULAR array’ is a multidimensional array where all the rows have the same number of elements, all elements are STORED continuously in memory, these are very compact in memory example:

A ‘jagged array’ is also known as an array of arrays. It is also the multidimensional array one in which the length of the rows need not be the same.

For example,

The above-jagged array consists of 3 rows, with each row having another array of different size. The elements in the jagged array are a reference of the other arrays, which can be anywhere in the memory

It is a powerful tool for determining the contents of unknown assembly which can be USED for a wide variety of classes in simple WORDS Reflection provides the ability to determine things and execute code at runtime.

1. We can configure the application by loading the external configuration file and service based on it after doing this application don’t need to know about the classes that used those services till it CONFORMS to a SPECIFIC interface or API.
2. Using Reflection we can generate the classes and code after which the programmer doesn`t need to rewrite all the code again.

The Namespace used for reflection is System.Reflection.

When we use indexers in class it behaves just LIKE the virtual array. The user sets the value of the index and can retrieve the data without POINTING an instance or a type member.

In THROW, the original EXCEPTION stack information is retained.

Example:

For Throw :

try

For Throw Ex:

In Throw Ex the original information is overridden by the External information and you will LOSE the original information.

EXTENSION methods allow you to add our own custom method in any custom class without modifying into it and in our custom class and it will be available throughout the application by SPECIFYING namespace only where it is defined.

Example: 

Here the first parameter specifies the type on which the extension method is APPLICABLE. We are going to use this extension method on int type. So the first parameter MUST be int preceded with the modifier.

Output:

As we know we cannot assign the null value to any value type so for that we use nullable type where we can assign null value to the value type variables.

Syntax:  

Nullable Struct :

[Serializable]

Example: 

[Serializable]

Output:

It will check WHETHER an object has been assigned a value if it is having null value it will return false and the else PART will be executed.

To get the value of i using the nullable type you have to use GetValueOrDefault() method to get the ACTUAL value.

State management basically stores the information of user/Page or object when a user makes a REQUEST on a web page, since HTTP is a protocol which doesn’t store the information during each request made by the user.so Asp.net state management is used to preserve the data.

• Client side
• Hidden Field
• View State
• Cookies
• Control State
• Query Strings
• Server side
• Session
• Application

Server Side:-

1) Session: when we want to store the data of web page over multiple requests we use session. In this TECHNIQUE we can store any kind of information or object in server memory it basically stores the information. The session is user specific since it stores the information of user separately. When we store data to Session state, a session cookie named is ASP.NET_SessionId is created automatically.

Example:

Storing the data in Session object

Retrieving the data from the Session object

Session timeout is 20 min if we want to increase the timeout of session then we need to configure the web config

2). Application object: In application object, we can store the information at the application level rather than User level, where every user can access that information .the main disadvantage is that sometimes there is a concurrency problem, so for that, we use a lock and unlock method. So if multiple requests came for same data then only one thread can do work.

Example:

We can use an application object to count the number of VISITORS on that website.

Client Side: 

1) Query Strings: When we want to transfer the data over the pages from the URL then we use query string, it cannot HANDLE the huge data and it is compatible with all browsers, we cannot transfer the objects and controls in query strings, so it is not meant for transferring sensitive data through query string.

Example: 

Or if we want to use query string to transfer the data then we can encrypt the sensitive data and we can transfer the data.

2). Control State: It is used to transfer the data which is stored in controls .it is just like same as view state but here we can store the data of the controls like dropdown list`s selected items, we cannot disabled the control state if viewstate is disabled then control state works same as view state.

3). View State: It is one of the finest methods to preserve the data, in view state we can store any kind of data like controls data, and even variables and raw data, view state encrypt the data when it will render to the user, so if user wants to see the value of view state in view source it will contain the symbols only which are very hard to decrypt.

The only disadvantage is that page contains much space over the page. To handle the view state we just need to "EnableViewState = true" attribute to any control to save its state,

Example:

4). Cookies: Cookies are used to identify the user on a web page whenever the user makes the request for the first time it stores that request data in the cookies and when the user visit that web page for the second time then browser check the cookies data with second request data made by the user if the result matches browser to consider them as a previous user else consider a new user.

Example: The Case of Remember me on every login page.

There are 2 types of cookies:

1. Persistence cookies
2. Non- Persistence cookies

• Persistence cookies - When we want to store the data in cookies for a specific period of time or for permanent use then we use persistence cookies

Example: 

• Non Persistence cookies - In this the data stored in the cookies remain in the client hard disk folder till the time the browser is running when the browser is closed then the information of cookies is lost.

Example: 

5) Hidden Field - When we want to store the small amount of data or we can say the if want to save the single value, hidden field controls is not rendered on the client browser, it is invisible to the browser.

Example:  

At the server code

While programming in C#, we can split the definition of a class over two or more source files. The source files contain a SECTION of the definition of class, and all parts are combined when the APPLICATION is compiled. For splitting a class definition, we need to use the PARTIAL keyword.

Example:

We have a file with a partial class named as Record

Here is another file named as File2.cs with the same partial class Record

The main method of the project

We can cache multiple response from a single web form by using any one of the attributes from VaryByParam, VaryByHeaders or VaryByCustom attributes.

Example: If we want display different COUNTRY data on our page where we can CHOOSE country name from the drop down list. On SelectedIndexChanged event of the Drop down we have to write some LOGIC to FETCH the country data according to the selected value and display the data of the particular country. By setting the VaryByParam attribute to the dropdown will cache all the responses received from server on SelectedIndexChanged event of drop down. 

Advantages:

• Easy to implement.
• No server resources are required. The query string containing in the HTTP requests for a specific URL
• Supported by all browsers.

Disadvantages:

• Many browsers impose a 255 URL character limit which can limit their flexibility.
• Query string data is visible to the user in URL so they are insecure. 

ASP NET Core developers are sought after by companies for their niche skill sets. These interview QUESTIONS on ASP.NET will give you a fair idea of the questions which the interviewer ASKS during an ASP.NET interview. So, prepare well and good luck!

 By using HttpCookie CLASS object. After creating COOKIE it will be attached to Response Object to send it to the CLIENT.

 Ex: 

Advantages:

• Cookies are simple to use and implement.
• Occupies less memory, do not require any server resources and are stored on the user's computer so no extra BURDEN on the server.
• We can configure cookies to expire when the browser session ends (session cookies) or they can exist for a specified LENGTH of time on the client’s computer (persistent cookies).
• Cookies persist a MUCH longer period of time than Session state.

Disadvantages:

• Cookies are MAINTAINED at the client system, so they are not secure
• A limited number of cookies are allowed for the website (Max 50)
• A limited amount of data can be maintained (Max 4kb)
• Only plain text can be maintained

50 Cookies per domain, with a maximum of 4 KB per cookie (or even 4 KB in total). If you want to SUPPORT most browsers, then do not EXCEED 50 cookies per domain and 4093 BYTES per domain. That is, the size of all cookies should not exceed 4093 bytes.

• Persistent Cookies: Persistent Cookies are Permanent Cookies stored as a TEXT FILE in the hard disk of the computer. They stay on your hard disk and can be ACCESSED by web servers until they are DELETED or have expired. 
• Non-Persistent Cookies: Non-Persistent cookies are temporary. The cookie which will be alive till that time until your browser is alive, as you will log out to your browser or close your browser, cookies will get expire and user information would also be lost. So they are browser dependent cookies. They are also CALLED in-memory cookies and session-based cookies.

Cookie is a small piece of information stored on the client machine. This file is located on client MACHINES "C:\Document and Settings\Currently_Login user\Cookie" path.  It is USED to store user preference information LIKE Username, Password, City and PhoneNo ETC. on client machines. We need to import namespace called System.Web.HttpCookie before we use a cookie. 

1. REQUIRED FIELD VALIDATOR
2. Range Validator
3. Compare Validator
4. Custom Validator
5. Regular EXPRESSION Validator
6. Summary Validator

OUTPUT cache FUNCTIONALITY is achieved using the OutputCache attribute in the ASP.NET page header. Below is the syntax:

• Vary By Param - Caches different versions DEPENDING on input parameters sent through HTTP POST/GET.
• Vary By Header - Caches different versions depending on the contents of the page header.
• Vary By Custom - LETS you customize the way the cache handles page variations by declaring the attribute and overriding the Get Vary By Custom string handler.
• Vary By Control - Caches different versions of a user control based on the value of properties of ASP objects in the control.

• Page Output Caching:

It keeps a copy of the response that was sent to the client in memory and subsequent requests are then responded with the cached output until the cache expires, which INCREDIBLY improves the ASP.NET web application performance. It is implemented by placing an OutputCache directive at the top of the .aspx page at design time.

Example: 

• Page Fragment Caching:

Sometimes we might want to cache just portions of a page. For example, we might have a HEADER for our page which will have the same content for all users.  To specify that a user control should be cached, we use the @OutputCache directive just like we USED it for the page.

• Data Caching:

Data Cache is used to store frequently used data in the Cache memory. It's much efficient to retrieve data from the data cache instead of database or other sources. We need use System.Web.Caching namespace. The scope of the data caching is WITHIN the application DOMAIN unlike "session". Every user can able to access these objects.

• Create: Cache["Employee"] ="DatasetName";
• Retrieve: Dataset dsEmployee = (Dataset) Cache ["Employee"]

If the application is storing a LOT of data in ViewState it can AFFECT the overall responsiveness of the page, thereby affecting performance since data is stored on the page itself in hidden controls.

The ideal size of ViewState should be LESS than 30% of the page size.

DeflateStream and GZipStream are the classes in ASP.NET that provides methods and properties to COMPRESS and decompress streams. Using these classes to compress ViewState will REDUCE its size to around 40%.

Advantages:

• It works at client side so it doesn't put any LOAD on the server 
• Easy to implement
• VIEWSTATE ensures security because it stores the DATA in encrypted format.

Disadvantages:

• It can be performance overhead if we are going to store a larger amount of data because it is associated with page only.
• Does not track across pages. ViewState information does not automatically transfer from page to page.
• A good hacker can get the data very easily by DECODING the value of the ViewState. One can’t store sensitive data in the ViewState.
• It does not have any support for MOBILE devices.

ViewState is a client-side state management MECHANISM in ASP.NET. It is a default technique used by ASP.NET to persist the VALUE of the page and controls during postbacks.

In ASP.NET ViewState the values are encrypted and stored in a hidden FIELD ( named _VIEWSTATE) on the page as an encoded BASE64 string. By default, ViewState is sent to the client browser and then returned to the server in the form of a hidden input control on your page.

1. HIDDEN Field
2. ViewState
3. Cookies
4. Control State
5. Query Strings

2. SERVER side:

1. Session
2. Application
3. Cache