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Esoteric : The philosophical knowledge attained by few saints with dedicative effort.

Upanishads : They are known as Vedanta. These are the last parts of Vedas.

1. The Bhakti movement empowered the underbelly of Indian society in fundamental ways and also provided the required impetus for the growth of vernacular literature. 

2. This tradition of those deemed “low” singing and writing did not, however, end with the Bhakti movement comingling into the mainstream. ‘ 

3. They emphasized the virtues of love and devotion brotherhood and equality etc. This helped to bring the two communities nearer. 

4. It also helped to harmonise the conflicting interests. The saints of the Bhakti movement rejected the differences of caste system.

The Sufi movement was a socio-religious movement in Islam.

1. The Sufi saints were always in meditation and they led a simple life. 

2. They wore woollen clothes.

The main teachings of Sufism are ;

1. There is only one God. 

2. All are children of God. 

3. Devotional music is one of the ways to move nearer to God. 

4. Sufi believes. Wahdat-ul-Wujud means worship for a single God. 

5. Fasts and rituals are not essential to reach God. 

6. Different religions are different ways to reach God.

Salvation : Deliverance of the soul from earthly matters and reach the abode of God.

Ecstasy : A trance or trance like state in which a person transcends.

Sri Ramanujacharya is considered as the first Acharya, who devoted his entire life for the upliftment of the equality in the society.

He gave perfect commentaries to the Brahma Sutras and Upanishads and made a perfect bridge between different sections of society.

He established 74 authoritative acharyas to spread the message of equality across the world.

Sufi Movement : It is the mystical movement against orthodox practice in Islam with an aim to adhere the direct perception of mankind to God without any mediator.

1. Mira Bai was woman saint of the medieval times. 

2. Mira became a devotee of Krishna right from her childhood. 

3. Mira Bai’s contribution to the Bhakti movement was primarily in her music. 

4. She wrote hundreds of songs and initiated a mode of singing the songs a raga. 

5. About 200 400 songs are accepted by scholars as being written by Mirabai. 

6. Mirabai wrote her songs in Rajasthani and Braj Bhasha languages, and they were translated into Hindi and Gujarathi. 

7. Mirabai’s songs express her love and devotion to Krishna, almost always as Krishna’s wife.

Ramanujacharya preached everyone could attain salvation by completely surrendering to the will of the Almighty.

Impact of the Bhakti Movement on the Medieval Indian Society :

1. The most important social impact of the Bhakti movement was that the followers of the Bhakti movement rejected caste discrimination. 

2. This movement encouraged religious tolerance. 

3. The bhakti saints preached religous tolerance and monotheism 

4. A spirit of harmony developed among different sections of the society. 

5. It tried to develop humanitarian attitude.

Iitipact of Sufi movement :

1. Sufis travelled all over the country to reach the poor and rural communities.

2. They preached in the local languages. 

3. They lived a modest simple life.

Jnaneswar used Marathi to convey his thoughts.

Salient features of Bhakti Movement: 

1. Oneness of God. 

2. One of the ways to Moksha is Bhakti. 

3. Bhakti means to surrender to God. 

4. Emphasized equality of all humans. 

5. No discrimination of caste, creed, sect. 

6. The Bhakti saints travelled to various places to speak about the path of Bhakti and preached in the local languages.

The preachings of Adi Sankaracharya : 

1. He taught that supreme Brahman in Nirguna (without the Gunas), Nirakara (formless), Nirvisesha (without attributes) and Akarta (non-agent). 

2. Brahman is above all needs and desires. 

3 Brahman is alone real

4. This world is unreal, 

5. and the jiva or the individual soul is non-different from Brahman.

Correct option is c) 8^th CE 

Correct option is a) Mira bai

It has the characteristics like universal brotherhood and equality of all in the society.

Guru Nanak believed in the oneness of God and the brotherhood of men.

Sankaradeva succeeded in preaching Vaishnavism among all people including tribal people.

Vallabhacharya’s teachings are also known as Pushtimarga or the Path of Grace.

The credit for the spread of Vaishnava religion in North India goes to Ramananda.

Basaveswara was popularised the Veerasaivism.

Sant Ravidas cardial quote was “Hari is in all and all in Hari”.

Ramanujacharya promoted Vishishtadvaita and Madhvacharya has promoted Dvaita philosophy.