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51.	Which of the following is a consensus sequence?(a) Promoter sequence(b) Enhancer sequence(c) Terminator sequence(d) All of the mentionedThis question was addressed to me in an online interview.I'd like to ask this question from Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes topic in chapter Bioenergetics, Enzymes, Metabolism, Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes of Cell Biology
Answer» Right ANSWER is (d) All of the mentioned The best explanation: Consensus sequence is the most common VERSION of conserved gene sequence which has minute VARIATIONS from GEN to gene. A promoter sequence, ENHANCER sequence and terminator sequence of a particular gene is conserved and are consensus sequences.

52.	NAD is a _________(a) enzyme(b) cofactor(c) protein(d) nucleosideThis question was addressed to me by my college professor while I was bunking the class.The doubt is from Metabolism topic in portion Bioenergetics, Enzymes, Metabolism, Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes of Cell Biology
Answer» Correct option is (b) cofactor To explain: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a non-protein cofactor called coenzyme. NAD PLAYS a key ROLE in the metabolism of the CELL by donating and accepting electrons.

53.	Induced fit in an enzyme refers to ____________________(a) error(b) loop(c) conformational change(d) torsional changeI have been asked this question by my college professor while I was bunking the class.My question is taken from Bioenergetics in section Bioenergetics, Enzymes, Metabolism, Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes of Cell Biology
Answer» Right answer is (c) conformational change Explanation: INDUCED fit of an enzyme REFERS to the conformational change that arises when a substrate molecule comes and binds to an enzyme. As these conformational changes arise, mechanical work is performed the enzyme exerts physical FORCE on certain bonds within the substrate. This has an effect of destabilizing the enzyme, causing it to adopt a transition STATE in which this strain is RELIEVED.

54.	Enzymes have no effect on which of the following, in a chemical reaction?(a) activation energy(b) speed(c) thermodynamics(d) completion timeI had been asked this question during an interview.Question is taken from Bioenergetics topic in portion Bioenergetics, Enzymes, Metabolism, Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes of Cell Biology
Answer» The CORRECT choice is (c) thermodynamics Easiest EXPLANATION: Enzymes are responsible for catalyzing REACTIONS by reducing the activation energy. However there is no effect on the thermodynamic aspect of the GIVEN reaction.

55.	Application of non-ionizing ultraviolet radiation causes _________(a) formation of pyrimidine dimers(b) deletion of pyrimidine bases(c) formation of methyl guanine(d) formation of methyl thymineThe question was asked in my homework.My question is taken from Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes in division Bioenergetics, Enzymes, Metabolism, Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes of Cell Biology
Answer» Right option is (a) formation of pyrimidine dimers The explanation: During APPLICATION of UV rays, as PHOTONS are absorbed by DNA molecules, an excited state is produced which allows for the REARRANGEMENT of electrons resulting in the formation of photoproducts.These photoproducts are CYCLOBUTANE pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and 6-4 pyrimidine –pyrimidone, both of which are pyrimidine dimers.

56.	How many mechanisms exist for altering the shape of an enzyme, playing a role in regulating glucose oxidation?(a) 1(b) 2(c) 3(d) 4This question was addressed to me in an online quiz.My question is based upon Metabolism in section Bioenergetics, Enzymes, Metabolism, Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes of Cell Biology
Answer» Correct choice is (b) 2 To EXPLAIN: For REGULATING glucose oxidation, there are TWO mechanisms that are RESPONSIBLE for ALTERING the shape of an enzyme’s active site namely covalent modification and allosteric modification.

57.	Hybrid vigour results from ____________(a) dominance(b) co-dominance(c) over dominance(d) incomplete dominanceI had been asked this question during a job interview.My query is from Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes in section Bioenergetics, Enzymes, Metabolism, Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes of Cell Biology
Answer» Correct choice is (c) over dominance Easiest explanation: In case of dominance, the expression of dominant ALLELE MASKS the expression of RECESSIVE allele. In co-dominance, both the alleles are equally expressed. In over dominance, the combination of genotypes from two different parents LEADS to supplementing the effect of each other and thus the effects lead to increased vigour.

58.	Human Genome Project was focused on discovering the details of ___________(a) sNRPs(b) 3D DNA structure(c) Junk DNA(d) VNTRsI got this question in an interview for job.The above asked question is from Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes in chapter Bioenergetics, Enzymes, Metabolism, Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes of Cell Biology
Answer» Correct answer is (c) Junk DNA For explanation: The Human Genome PROJECT was an international scientific RESEARCH project with the goal of determining the sequence of NUCLEOTIDE base pairs that MAKE up human DNA from a PERIOD of 1990 to 2003. The main purpose of these projects was to find out the base sequence of human junk DNA which was different for every individual.

59.	DNA denaturation can occur through ________(a) Unwinding of DNA double strand(b) Absorbance of UV rays(c) Decrease in hydrophobic interactions of base stacking(d) All of the mentionedThis question was addressed to me in a job interview.My question is taken from Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes topic in chapter Bioenergetics, Enzymes, Metabolism, Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes of Cell Biology
Answer» The CORRECT option is (d) All of the mentioned For explanation I WOULD say: DNA can denature at high temperature, high or low pH, high salinity, chemical denaturants or enzymes or by physical methods such as excess EXPOSURE to UV radiation(or any type of radiation for that matter).

60.	How many types of protein kinases are there?(a) 1(b) 2(c) 3(d) 4This question was posed to me in unit test.My query is from Metabolism topic in division Bioenergetics, Enzymes, Metabolism, Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes of Cell Biology
Answer» Right choice is (b) 2 Easy explanation: There are two TYPES of protein KINASES: one adds phosphate group to tyrosine residues in a protein and the other adds phosphate group to SERINE or threonine residues.

61.	The TCA cycle occurs in which region of a prokaryotic cell?(a) cytosol(b) mitochondria(c) ribsomes(d) golgi complexThe question was asked in an online interview.My question comes from Metabolism topic in section Bioenergetics, Enzymes, Metabolism, Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes of Cell Biology
Answer» CORRECT answer is (a) cytosol Easy EXPLANATION: There are two stages in the catabolism of glucose namely glycolysis which occurs in the cytosol and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle which occurs in the cytosol of PROKARYOTES and mitochondria of EUKARYOTES.

62.	Anabolic pathways are energy-requiring.(a) True(b) FalseI had been asked this question in my homework.My enquiry is from Metabolism topic in portion Bioenergetics, Enzymes, Metabolism, Genes, Chromosomes and Genomes of Cell Biology
Answer» CORRECT answer is (a) True Easy explanation: Anabolic pathways lead to the formation of complex MOLECULES from SIMPLER raw PRODUCTS. These REQUIRE chemical energy which is supplied by the exergonic catabolic pathways.