11712 + Interview Questions in Biology Page 175 InterviewSolution

8701.	What are the two types of nerve process?
Answer» What are the two types of nerve process?

Discussion

8702.	One of the main function of lymphatic system is absorption of fatty acids and ___
Answer» One of the main function of lymphatic system is absorption of fatty acids and ___

Discussion

8703.	Breathing is a process that: (i) Provides oxygen to the body. (ii) Breaks down food to release energy. (iii) Helps the body to get rid of carbon dioxide. (iv) Produces water in the cells. Which of the following correctly defines the characteristics of breathing?
Answer» Breathing is a process that: (i) Provides oxygen to the body. (ii) Breaks down food to release energy. (iii) Helps the body to get rid of carbon dioxide. (iv) Produces water in the cells. Which of the following correctly defines the characteristics of breathing?

Discussion

8704.	In rooted plant, the movement of water and nutrients in the xylem is __.
Answer» In rooted plant, the movement of water and nutrients in the xylem is __.

Discussion

8705.	How to find that whether given compound is acid or base?
Answer» How to find that whether given compound is acid or base?

Discussion

8706.	What are the disadvantages of vegetative propogation?
Answer» What are the disadvantages of vegetative propogation?

Discussion

8707.	Which belong to the 6 main categories of natural resources? (i) Water (ii) Forest (iii) Land (iv) Energy (v) Food
Answer» Which belong to the 6 main categories of natural resources? (i) Water (ii) Forest (iii) Land (iv) Energy (v) Food

8707.

Which belong to the 6 main categories of natural resources? (i) Water (ii) Forest (iii) Land (iv) Energy (v) Food

Answer»

Which belong to the 6 main categories of natural resources?

(i) Water
(ii) Forest
(iii) Land
(iv) Energy
(v) Food

Discussion

8708.	The nub of the restorationist critique of preservationist is the claim that it rests on an unhealthy dualism that conceives nature and humankind as radically distinct and opposed to each other. Dissatisfaction with dualism has for some time figured prominently in the unhappiness of environmentalists with mainstream industrial society, as in the writings of Carolyn Merchant and Theodore Roszak. However, the writings of the restorationists themselves— particularly, William Jordan and Frederick Turner—offer little evidence to support this indictment. In their view, preservationists are imbued with the same basic mind-set as the industrial mainstream, the only difference being that the latter exalts humans over nature while the former elevates nature over humans. While it is perhaps puzzling that Jordan and Turner do not see that there is no logic that requires dualism as a philosophical underpinning for preservation, more puzzling is the sharpness and relentlessness of their attack on preservationists, accentuated by the fact that they offer little, if any, criticism of those who have plundered the natural world. The crucial question, however, about the restorationist outlook has to do with the degree to which the restorationist program is itself faithful to the first principle of restoration: that nature and humanity are fundamentally united rather than separate. Rejecting the old domination model, which sees humans as over nature, restoration theory champions a model of community participation. Yet some of the descriptions that Jordan and Turner give of what restorationists are actually up to—for example, Turner's description of humans as "the lords of creation," or Jordan's statement that "the fate and well being of the biosphere depend ultimately on us and our relationship with it"—do not cohere well with the community participation model. Another holistic model—namely, that of nature as an organism—might be more serviceable to the restorationists. As with the community model, the "organic" model pictures nature as a system of interconnected parts. A fundamental difference, however, is that in an organism the parts are wholly subservient to the life of the organism. If we could think of the biosphere as a single living organism and could identify humans with the brain (or the DNA), or control center, we would have a model that more closely fits the restorationists' view. However, to consider humans as the control center of the living earth is to ascribe to them a dominating role in nature. Is this significantly different from the old- fashioned domination model? In both systems humans hold the place of highest authority and power in the world. Also, neither view recognizes any limits to the scope and range of legitimate human manipulation in the world. This does not mean that there are no constraints; only beneficial manipulation should be undertaken. But it does not mean that nothing is off-limits. A further parallel is that, because the fate of the world rests on humans, they must have a clear idea of what needs to be done. Q. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to
Answer» The nub of the restorationist critique of preservationist is the claim that it rests on an unhealthy dualism that conceives nature and humankind as radically distinct and opposed to each other. Dissatisfaction with dualism has for some time figured prominently in the unhappiness of environmentalists with mainstream industrial society, as in the writings of Carolyn Merchant and Theodore Roszak. However, the writings of the restorationists themselves— particularly, William Jordan and Frederick Turner—offer little evidence to support this indictment. In their view, preservationists are imbued with the same basic mind-set as the industrial mainstream, the only difference being that the latter exalts humans over nature while the former elevates nature over humans. While it is perhaps puzzling that Jordan and Turner do not see that there is no logic that requires dualism as a philosophical underpinning for preservation, more puzzling is the sharpness and relentlessness of their attack on preservationists, accentuated by the fact that they offer little, if any, criticism of those who have plundered the natural world. The crucial question, however, about the restorationist outlook has to do with the degree to which the restorationist program is itself faithful to the first principle of restoration: that nature and humanity are fundamentally united rather than separate. Rejecting the old domination model, which sees humans as over nature, restoration theory champions a model of community participation. Yet some of the descriptions that Jordan and Turner give of what restorationists are actually up to—for example, Turner's description of humans as "the lords of creation," or Jordan's statement that "the fate and well being of the biosphere depend ultimately on us and our relationship with it"—do not cohere well with the community participation model. Another holistic model—namely, that of nature as an organism—might be more serviceable to the restorationists. As with the community model, the "organic" model pictures nature as a system of interconnected parts. A fundamental difference, however, is that in an organism the parts are wholly subservient to the life of the organism. If we could think of the biosphere as a single living organism and could identify humans with the brain (or the DNA), or control center, we would have a model that more closely fits the restorationists' view. However, to consider humans as the control center of the living earth is to ascribe to them a dominating role in nature. Is this significantly different from the old- fashioned domination model? In both systems humans hold the place of highest authority and power in the world. Also, neither view recognizes any limits to the scope and range of legitimate human manipulation in the world. This does not mean that there are no constraints; only beneficial manipulation should be undertaken. But it does not mean that nothing is off-limits. A further parallel is that, because the fate of the world rests on humans, they must have a clear idea of what needs to be done. Q. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to

8708.

The nub of the restorationist critique of preservationist is the claim that it rests on an unhealthy dualism that conceives nature and humankind as radically distinct and opposed to each other. Dissatisfaction with dualism has for some time figured prominently in the unhappiness of environmentalists with mainstream industrial society, as in the writings of Carolyn Merchant and Theodore Roszak. However, the writings of the restorationists themselves— particularly, William Jordan and Frederick Turner—offer little evidence to support this indictment. In their view, preservationists are imbued with the same basic mind-set as the industrial mainstream, the only difference being that the latter exalts humans over nature while the former elevates nature over humans. While it is perhaps puzzling that Jordan and Turner do not see that there is no logic that requires dualism as a philosophical underpinning for preservation, more puzzling is the sharpness and relentlessness of their attack on preservationists, accentuated by the fact that they offer little, if any, criticism of those who have plundered the natural world. The crucial question, however, about the restorationist outlook has to do with the degree to which the restorationist program is itself faithful to the first principle of restoration: that nature and humanity are fundamentally united rather than separate. Rejecting the old domination model, which sees humans as over nature, restoration theory champions a model of community participation. Yet some of the descriptions that Jordan and Turner give of what restorationists are actually up to—for example, Turner's description of humans as "the lords of creation," or Jordan's statement that "the fate and well being of the biosphere depend ultimately on us and our relationship with it"—do not cohere well with the community participation model. Another holistic model—namely, that of nature as an organism—might be more serviceable to the restorationists. As with the community model, the "organic" model pictures nature as a system of interconnected parts. A fundamental difference, however, is that in an organism the parts are wholly subservient to the life of the organism. If we could think of the biosphere as a single living organism and could identify humans with the brain (or the DNA), or control center, we would have a model that more closely fits the restorationists' view. However, to consider humans as the control center of the living earth is to ascribe to them a dominating role in nature. Is this significantly different from the old- fashioned domination model? In both systems humans hold the place of highest authority and power in the world. Also, neither view recognizes any limits to the scope and range of legitimate human manipulation in the world. This does not mean that there are no constraints; only beneficial manipulation should be undertaken. But it does not mean that nothing is off-limits. A further parallel is that, because the fate of the world rests on humans, they must have a clear idea of what needs to be done. Q. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to

Answer»

The nub of the restorationist critique of preservationist is the claim that it rests on an unhealthy dualism that conceives nature and humankind as radically distinct and opposed to each other. Dissatisfaction with dualism has for some time figured prominently in the unhappiness of environmentalists with mainstream industrial society, as in the writings of Carolyn Merchant and Theodore Roszak. However, the writings of the restorationists themselves— particularly, William Jordan and Frederick Turner—offer little evidence to support this indictment. In their view, preservationists are imbued with the same basic mind-set as the industrial mainstream, the only difference being that the latter exalts humans over nature while the former elevates nature over humans. While it is perhaps puzzling that Jordan and Turner do not see that there is no logic that requires dualism as a philosophical underpinning for preservation, more puzzling is the sharpness and relentlessness of their attack on preservationists, accentuated by the fact that they offer little, if any, criticism of those who have plundered the natural world.

The crucial question, however, about the restorationist outlook has to do with the degree to which the restorationist program is itself faithful to the first principle of restoration: that nature and humanity are fundamentally united rather than separate. Rejecting the old domination model, which sees humans as over nature, restoration theory champions a model of community participation. Yet some of the descriptions that Jordan and Turner give of what restorationists are actually up to—for example, Turner's description of humans as "the lords of creation," or Jordan's statement that "the fate and well being of the biosphere depend ultimately on us and our relationship with it"—do not cohere well with the community participation model. Another holistic model—namely, that of nature as an organism—might be more serviceable to the restorationists. As with the community model, the "organic" model pictures nature as a system of interconnected parts. A fundamental difference, however, is that in an organism the parts are wholly subservient to the life of the organism. If we could think of the biosphere as a single living organism and could identify humans with the brain (or the DNA), or control center, we would have a model that more closely fits the restorationists' view.

However, to consider humans as the control center of the living earth is to ascribe to them a dominating role in nature. Is this significantly different from the old- fashioned domination model? In both systems humans hold the place of highest authority and power in the world. Also, neither view recognizes any limits to the scope and range of legitimate human manipulation in the world. This does not mean that there are no constraints; only beneficial manipulation should be undertaken. But it does not mean that nothing is off-limits. A further parallel is that, because the fate of the world rests on humans, they must have a clear idea of what needs to be done.

Q. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to

Discussion

8709.	How does reproduction help in providing stability to the species?
Answer» How does reproduction help in providing stability to the species?

Discussion

8710.	Read the following statements about Pancreas. A. It is a heterocrine gland B. It secretes two important hormones, insulin and glucagon C. It is the second largest endocrine gland D. It is made up of the bundle of cells called islets of Langerhans Which of the above said statements are correct?
Answer» Read the following statements about Pancreas. A. It is a heterocrine gland B. It secretes two important hormones, insulin and glucagon C. It is the second largest endocrine gland D. It is made up of the bundle of cells called islets of Langerhans Which of the above said statements are correct?

Discussion

8711.	Explain the human digestive system.
Answer» Explain the human digestive system.

Discussion

8712.	The term meiosis was given by_______.
Answer» The term meiosis was given by_______.

Discussion

8713.	Who established the germ theory of diseases?
Answer» Who established the germ theory of diseases?

Discussion

8714.	Which of these is a nucleotide NOT made up of?
Answer» Which of these is a nucleotide NOT made up of?

Discussion

8715.	(a) What do the testes in a man produce ? (b) What do the ovaries in a woman produce ?
Answer» (a) What do the testes in a man produce ? (b) What do the ovaries in a woman produce ?

Discussion

8716.	What do you understand by the term 'evolution'? State Darwin's theory of evolution.
Answer» What do you understand by the term 'evolution'? State Darwin's theory of evolution.

Discussion

8717.	The outer layer of root hair is made up of pectin and the inner layer is made up of ___
Answer» The outer layer of root hair is made up of pectin and the inner layer is made up of ___

Discussion

8718.	The specific function of light energy in the process of photosynthesis is to (a) reduce carbon dioxide. (b) synthesis glucose (c) activate chlorophyll. (d) split water molecule.
Answer» The specific function of light energy in the process of photosynthesis is to (a) reduce carbon dioxide. (b) synthesis glucose (c) activate chlorophyll. (d) split water molecule.

8718.

The specific function of light energy in the process of photosynthesis is to (a) reduce carbon dioxide. (b) synthesis glucose (c) activate chlorophyll. (d) split water molecule.

Answer»

The specific function of light energy in the process of photosynthesis is to

(a) reduce carbon dioxide.

(b) synthesis glucose

(c) activate chlorophyll.

(d) split water molecule.

Discussion

8719.	What are the various components of blood ? State their functions.
Answer» What are the various components of blood ? State their functions.

Discussion

8720.	Exchange of gases in alveoli occurs by the process of__.
Answer» Exchange of gases in alveoli occurs by the process of__.

Discussion

8721.	Question 42 Differentiate between an autotroph and a heterotroph.
Answer» Question 42 Differentiate between an autotroph and a heterotroph.

Discussion

8722.	What is the internal energy reserved in animals
Answer» What is the internal energy reserved in animals

Discussion

8723.	Genotypic ratio of monohybrid cross is _____
Answer» Genotypic ratio of monohybrid cross is _____

Discussion

8724.	State the differences between: [4 MARKS] (a) Chromosome and chromatid (b) Centrosome and centromere (c) Aster and spindle fibres (d) Haploid and diploid
Answer» State the differences between: [4 MARKS] (a) Chromosome and chromatid (b) Centrosome and centromere (c) Aster and spindle fibres (d) Haploid and diploid

Discussion

8725.	Breaking the bonds in the long carbon chains result in the release of a lot of energy. This energy makes the carbon molecule an excellent source of ___ for all living things.
Answer» Breaking the bonds in the long carbon chains result in the release of a lot of energy. This energy makes the carbon molecule an excellent source of ___ for all living things.

Discussion

8726.	Name the medical condition from the listed characteristics. 1. The increase in bone size in the face, jaws and fingers. 2. Excessive production of somatotropin during adulthood.
Answer» Name the medical condition from the listed characteristics. 1. The increase in bone size in the face, jaws and fingers. 2. Excessive production of somatotropin during adulthood.

Discussion

8727.	DNA replication is
Answer» DNA replication is

8727.

DNA replication is

Answer»

DNA replication is

Discussion

8728.	The organ of Corti in human beings is found in:
Answer» The organ of Corti in human beings is found in:

Discussion

8729.	Identify the disease that causes this type of a deformation in RBCs.
Answer» Identify the disease that causes this type of a deformation in RBCs.

8729.

Identify the disease that causes this type of a deformation in RBCs.

Answer»

Identify the disease that causes this type of a deformation in RBCs.

Discussion

8730.	Why do tears are not considered as excretion?
Answer» Why do tears are not considered as excretion?

Discussion

8731.	State the function of receptors in our body. Think of any three situations where receptors in the body do not work properly. Mention the problems which are likely to arise.
Answer» State the function of receptors in our body. Think of any three situations where receptors in the body do not work properly. Mention the problems which are likely to arise.

Discussion

8732.	A person walks across a room in bare feet and puts his foot on a drawing pin lying on the floor. He lets out a cry. Explain what happens in his nervous system in bringing about this response.
Answer» A person walks across a room in bare feet and puts his foot on a drawing pin lying on the floor. He lets out a cry. Explain what happens in his nervous system in bringing about this response.

Discussion

8733.	In case of sexual reproduction, newborn shows similarity about characters. Explain the statement with suitable examples?
Answer» In case of sexual reproduction, newborn shows similarity about characters. Explain the statement with suitable examples?

Discussion

8734.	Conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid takes place in:
Answer» Conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid takes place in:

Discussion

8735.	Food in the mouth is broken down into small pieces by
Answer» Food in the mouth is broken down into small pieces by

Discussion

8736.	Why was the primitive atmosphere of the earth more beneficial to the origin of life than the modern atmosphere of earth?
Answer» Why was the primitive atmosphere of the earth more beneficial to the origin of life than the modern atmosphere of earth?

Discussion

8737.	In Rhizopus fungus, the fine thread-like structures spread on the whole surface of the slice of bread are called: (a) rhizoids (b) stems (c) roots (d) hyphae
Answer» In Rhizopus fungus, the fine thread-like structures spread on the whole surface of the slice of bread are called: (a) rhizoids (b) stems (c) roots (d) hyphae

Discussion

8738.	Which of the following is an advantage of ground water storage?
Answer» Which of the following is an advantage of ground water storage?

Discussion

8739.	What are the functions of the cornea, iris, pupil, eye lens and retina?
Answer» What are the functions of the cornea, iris, pupil, eye lens and retina?

Discussion

8740.	Consider the following characteristics of a herbivore digestive systems and habits. 1. Cows have 4 chambered stomachs and chew cud. 2. Rabbits eat their droppings called cecotropes. 3. Pandas have short digestive system and a small number of bacteria in the gut. 4. Elephants have a large cecum (the part connecting the two intestines) containing fermenting bacteria. Which of the above characteristics helps food to remain longer in the digestive tract?
Answer» Consider the following characteristics of a herbivore digestive systems and habits. 1. Cows have 4 chambered stomachs and chew cud. 2. Rabbits eat their droppings called cecotropes. 3. Pandas have short digestive system and a small number of bacteria in the gut. 4. Elephants have a large cecum (the part connecting the two intestines) containing fermenting bacteria. Which of the above characteristics helps food to remain longer in the digestive tract?

8740.

Consider the following characteristics of a herbivore digestive systems and habits. 1. Cows have 4 chambered stomachs and chew cud. 2. Rabbits eat their droppings called cecotropes. 3. Pandas have short digestive system and a small number of bacteria in the gut. 4. Elephants have a large cecum (the part connecting the two intestines) containing fermenting bacteria. Which of the above characteristics helps food to remain longer in the digestive tract?

Answer»

Consider the following characteristics of a herbivore digestive systems and habits.

1. Cows have 4 chambered stomachs and chew cud.

2. Rabbits eat their droppings called cecotropes.

3. Pandas have short digestive system and a small number of bacteria in the gut.

4. Elephants have a large cecum (the part connecting the two intestines) containing fermenting bacteria.

Which of the above characteristics helps food to remain longer in the digestive tract?

Discussion

8741.	Why male reproductive system is called as urinogenital system ?
Answer» Why male reproductive system is called as urinogenital system ?

Discussion

8742.	Which of the following is/are true about ABO blood antigens? 1. They are present on mitochondrial surface of WBCs. 2. They are found free floating in the cytoplasm of WBCs. 3. They are present on the surface of RBCs. 4. They are present in RBC cytoplasm.
Answer» Which of the following is/are true about ABO blood antigens? 1. They are present on mitochondrial surface of WBCs. 2. They are found free floating in the cytoplasm of WBCs. 3. They are present on the surface of RBCs. 4. They are present in RBC cytoplasm.

8742.

Which of the following is/are true about ABO blood antigens? 1. They are present on mitochondrial surface of WBCs. 2. They are found free floating in the cytoplasm of WBCs. 3. They are present on the surface of RBCs. 4. They are present in RBC cytoplasm.

Answer»

Which of the following is/are true about ABO blood antigens?

1. They are present on mitochondrial surface of WBCs.

2. They are found free floating in the cytoplasm of WBCs.

3. They are present on the surface of RBCs.

4. They are present in RBC cytoplasm.

Discussion

8743.	Why electrochemical signal transfer data only in one direction ?
Answer» Why electrochemical signal transfer data only in one direction ?

Discussion

8744.	A woman with blonde curly hair married a man with black soft hair. All their children in the first generation had black soft hair but in the next generation, children had different combinations in the ratio 9:3:3:1. State the law that governs this expression. [2 MARKS]
Answer» A woman with blonde curly hair married a man with black soft hair. All their children in the first generation had black soft hair but in the next generation, children had different combinations in the ratio 9:3:3:1. State the law that governs this expression. [2 MARKS]

Discussion

8745.	Pedigree Analysis is useful to
Answer» Pedigree Analysis is useful to

Discussion

8746.	Identify the labelled parts in the given figure
Answer» Identify the labelled parts in the given figure

8746.

Identify the labelled parts in the given figure

Answer»

Identify the labelled parts in the given figure

Discussion

8747.	Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Answer» Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Discussion

8748.	What are the different parts in male reproductive system and state their different functions
Answer» What are the different parts in male reproductive system and state their different functions

Discussion

8749.	What happens if there is an excess of acid in the stomach.
Answer» What happens if there is an excess of acid in the stomach.

Discussion

8750.	Which different microbes are useful to us ?
Answer» Which different microbes are useful to us ?

Discussion

Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

What are the two types of nerve process?

One of the main function of lymphatic system is absorption of fatty acids and ___

Breathing is a process that: (i) Provides oxygen to the body. (ii) Breaks down food to release energy. (iii) Helps the body to get rid of carbon dioxide. (iv) Produces water in the cells. Which of the following correctly defines the characteristics of breathing?

In rooted plant, the movement of water and nutrients in the xylem is __.

How to find that whether given compound is acid or base?

What are the disadvantages of vegetative propogation?

Which belong to the 6 main categories of natural resources? (i) Water (ii) Forest (iii) Land (iv) Energy (v) Food

How does reproduction help in providing stability to the species?

Read the following statements about Pancreas. A. It is a heterocrine gland B. It secretes two important hormones, insulin and glucagon C. It is the second largest endocrine gland D. It is made up of the bundle of cells called islets of Langerhans Which of the above said statements are correct?

Explain the human digestive system.

The term meiosis was given by_______.

Who established the germ theory of diseases?

Which of these is a nucleotide NOT made up of?

(a) What do the testes in a man produce ? (b) What do the ovaries in a woman produce ?

What do you understand by the term 'evolution'? State Darwin's theory of evolution.

The outer layer of root hair is made up of pectin and the inner layer is made up of ___

The specific function of light energy in the process of photosynthesis is to (a) reduce carbon dioxide. (b) synthesis glucose (c) activate chlorophyll. (d) split water molecule.

What are the various components of blood ? State their functions.

Exchange of gases in alveoli occurs by the process of__.

Question 42 Differentiate between an autotroph and a heterotroph.

What is the internal energy reserved in animals

Genotypic ratio of monohybrid cross is _____

State the differences between: [4 MARKS] (a) Chromosome and chromatid (b) Centrosome and centromere (c) Aster and spindle fibres (d) Haploid and diploid

Breaking the bonds in the long carbon chains result in the release of a lot of energy. This energy makes the carbon molecule an excellent source of ___ for all living things.

Name the medical condition from the listed characteristics. 1. The increase in bone size in the face, jaws and fingers. 2. Excessive production of somatotropin during adulthood.

DNA replication is

The organ of Corti in human beings is found in:

Identify the disease that causes this type of a deformation in RBCs.

Why do tears are not considered as excretion?

State the function of receptors in our body. Think of any three situations where receptors in the body do not work properly. Mention the problems which are likely to arise.

A person walks across a room in bare feet and puts his foot on a drawing pin lying on the floor. He lets out a cry. Explain what happens in his nervous system in bringing about this response.

In case of sexual reproduction, newborn shows similarity about characters. Explain the statement with suitable examples?

Conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid takes place in:

Food in the mouth is broken down into small pieces by

Why was the primitive atmosphere of the earth more beneficial to the origin of life than the modern atmosphere of earth?

In Rhizopus fungus, the fine thread-like structures spread on the whole surface of the slice of bread are called: (a) rhizoids (b) stems (c) roots (d) hyphae

Which of the following is an advantage of ground water storage?

What are the functions of the cornea, iris, pupil, eye lens and retina?

Why male reproductive system is called as urinogenital system ?

Which of the following is/are true about ABO blood antigens? 1. They are present on mitochondrial surface of WBCs. 2. They are found free floating in the cytoplasm of WBCs. 3. They are present on the surface of RBCs. 4. They are present in RBC cytoplasm.

Why electrochemical signal transfer data only in one direction ?

A woman with blonde curly hair married a man with black soft hair. All their children in the first generation had black soft hair but in the next generation, children had different combinations in the ratio 9:3:3:1. State the law that governs this expression. [2 MARKS]

Pedigree Analysis is useful to

Identify the labelled parts in the given figure

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

What are the different parts in male reproductive system and state their different functions

What happens if there is an excess of acid in the stomach.

Which different microbes are useful to us ?