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3751.

Question : Describe briefly about the female reproductive system in human beings.

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Solution :(1) A pain of ovaries are the reproductive organs in woman .
(2) They are present just below the kidneys in the abdominal cavity.
(3) Each ovary has several sac like structures called ovarian FOLLICLES or Graffian follicles.
(4) Every time only one follicle matures and releases one ovum into body cavity.
(5) Just above the ovaries are the tubes called oviducts or fallopian tubes.
(6) The two oviducts connect to a bag like ORGAN called uterus at their other ends .

(7) The uterus is connected through a narrow opening called cervix to another tube called vagina which opens to the outside of the body .
(8) Vagina is a tubular structure and is also called birth canal because it is through this passage that the BABY is born after the COMPLETION of development INSIDE the uterus of the mother.
Discussion
3752.

Question : Why meiosis is called reduction division?

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Solution :(1) Meiosis occurs only during the formation of gametes in sexual reproduction .
(2)During meiosis only one set of chormosomes are passed on to the DAUGHTER cells. Hence daughther cells have half the number of chorosomes of the mother cells .
(3)In meiosis karyokinesis and cytokinesis occur two times.
(4) During first phase of meiosis the praent cell divides twice. though the chorosomes divide only once .
(5) The second phase meiosis is similarto normal mitosis . but choromosomes do not dublicate . more over the choromosomes are distributed equally to each cell.

(6) THUS the FOUR daughter cells have just half the number of choromosome of the parent cells.
(7) These are haploid (containing only one set choromosome ).
(8) Thus meiotic division is also celled reduction division.
Discussion
3753.

Question : Describe asexual reproduction in Amoeba.

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SOLUTION :Binary fission in Amoeba. It is NORMAL method of reproduction in Amoeba. It occurs under favourable conditions. The animal grows until it ATTAINS the maximum it attains the maximum size and then divides by binary fission in EVERY three or four days. The fission is completed in 15 to 20 minutes.
Discussion
3754.

Question : Describe and name three stages of cellular respiration that aerobic organisms use to obtain energy from glucose.

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Solution :The name and the three stages of cellular respiration.
(a) Glycolysis: (Glucose splitting)
Glycolysis is the break down of one molecule of Glucose (6 CARBON) into two molecules of Pyruvic acid (3 Carbon). It takes PLACE in cytoplasm of the cell.
(b) Kreb.s cycle: This cycle occurs in mitochondria matrix. At the end of Glycolysis, 2. molecules of pyruvic acid enter into mitochondria. The oxidation of pyruvic acid into `CO_2` and `H_2O,`takes place through this cycle. It is also called as Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle. (TCA)
(c) ELECTRON transport chain: It is a system of Electron Transport Chain (ETC) located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. `NADH_2`and FADH, molecules formed during Glycolysis and Krebs cycle are oxidised to` NAD^+`and `FAD^+`to release the ENERGY via electrons. The electrons, as they move through the system, release energy which is trapped by ADP to synthesize ATP. This is called Oxidative Phosphorylation. During this process, oxygen which is the acceptor of electrons get reduced to WATER.
Discussion
3755.

Question : Describe and experiment which demonstrates that growth stimulating hormone is produced at the tip of coleoptile.

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SOLUTION :Went.s experiment was done by Frits warmolt. This experiment demonstrates the GROWTH stimulating hormone AUXIN is produced at the tip of the coleoptile. He did a series of experiments in Avena Coleoptiles. In his first experiment he removed the tipsof Avena coleoptiles. The cut TIPS did not grow, indicating that the tips produced something essential for growth.In his second experiment, he placed the agar blocks on the decapitated coleoptile tips. The coleoptile tips did not show any response. In his third experiment, he placed the detached coleoptile tips on agar blocks. After an hour, thetips were discarded and placed this agar block on the decapitated coleoptile. It grew straight up,indicating that some chemical had diffused from the cut coleoptile tips into the agar block, which stimulated the growth. From this experiments, Went concluded that, the chemical diffusing from the tip of coleoptile was responsible for growth and he named it as "Auxin"
Discussion
3756.

Question : Describe an experiment to show that carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis .

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Solution :(i) Take two healthy potted plants of nearly same size.
(ii)Keep them in darkness for THREE days so that all the pre-formed starch is CONSUMED .
(iii)Place a watch glass containing POTASSIUM hydroxide by the side of one of the plants.
(iv)Cover both the potted plants withseparate bell jarsas shown in the given figure.
(v) Usevaselineto seal the bottom of the jars to the glass plate so that the setup is air tight.
(vi) Keep the plants in sunglightfor about two hours.
(vii)Pluck a leaf from each plant and test for the presence of starch.
(viii) The leaf of theplant in setup B keptwithoutpotassium hydroxide will turn blue-black. This confirms the presence of setupformed during photosynthesis.
(IX) The leaf of plant in setup A does not show positive test for starch indicating that `CO_(2)`is necessary for photosynthesis. KOH is used to absorb `CO_(2) ` . Dueto non-availability of `CO_(2)`photosynthesis did not occur in setup A .
Discussion
3757.

Question : I found that water was essential for the increase of plant mass. Name that scientist.

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SOLUTION :1) A Belgian scientist Jan Baptist Von Helmont (1648) conducted an experiment that continued for five YEARS .
2) Von Helmont took a small willow tree and planted it in a large pot with soil.
3) Before he did this, he carefully measured the mass of the dry soil and mass of the tree.
4) He covered the soil with a lid so that nothing could fall on to the surface of the soil and add to its mass.
5) There were holes in the lid so that the tree could grow out of the soil and that air and water could REACH the roots.
6) Von Helmont left the tree for five years, giving it only rain water to absorb.
7) At the end of five years he measured the mass of the tree and the mass of the drysoil for a second time.
8) The RESULTS of this expe f iment are shown below .

9) This experiment changed the belief of hundreds of years . This is because Von Helmont arrived at a result that
a) The substances needed for the growth of a plant do not come from the soil only .
b) The plant grow because of the water it gets.
Discussion
3758.

Question : Describe about the different parts of a stamen in male reproductive organ of a plant.

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Solution :Stamen is the male reproductive organ of the PLANT. A flower usually has a number of stamens in it. Each stamen is made up of TWO parts-a filament, the stalk of stamen and an anther, the SWOLLEN top of stamen. Anther is the upper bilobed part and each lobe contains two pollen sacs WITHIN which numerous pollen grains are PRODUCED.
Discussion
3759.

Question : Descibe the layering method for the artifical propagation of plants. Illustrate your answer with the help of a labelled diagram. Name any five plants which are propagatedby the layering method.

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SOLUTION :N//A
Discussion
3760.

Question : Depletion of ozone is mainly due to

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chlorofluorocarbon COMPOUNDS.
carbon monoxide
methane
pesticides

Solution : Depletion of OZONE LAYER is MAINLY due to chlorofluorocarbon compounds.
Discussion
3761.

Question : Depending upon theirshape bacteria can be classified as

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COCCUS,BACILLUS , Spiral
coccus , HELIX ,spiral
coccus,Spiral,SPINDLE
spiral ,Helix, Bacillus

Solution :N/A
Discussion
3762.

Question : Denitrification means

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REDUCTION of `NO_(2)` to ammonia by bacteriain the soil
conversion of ammonia to amino acids
conversion of ammonia and nilrates togaseous nitrogen
OXIDATION of ammonia to nitrate

ANSWER :C
Discussion
3763.

Question : Dendrons are the longest fibres that conducts impulse away from the cell body.

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SOLUTION :Axons are the longest FIBRES that conducts impulses away from the CELL body.
Discussion
3764.

Question : Dendrites transmit impulse______cell body and axon transmit impulse_____ cell body.

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AWAY from, away from
towards, away from
towards, towards
away from, towards

Answer :B
Discussion
3765.

Question : Demonstration of Root Pressure: Choose a small soft stemed plant. Cut the stem horizontally near the base with a blade in the morning. You will see drops of solution oozing out of the cut stem due to root pressure.

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Solution :We will see drops of solution OOZING out of the CELL stem. The Root Pressure, which pushes the solution up from the BASE.
Discussion
3766.

Question : Demonstration of Osmosis: A thistle funnel whose mouth is covered with a semipermeable membrane, is filled with sucrose solution. It is kept inverted in a beaker containing water. The water will diffuse acrosssugar the membrane due to osmosis and raise the level of the solution solution in the funnel.

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Solution :A thistle FUNNEL, WHOSE mouth is covered with parchmentpaper, which acts as a semipermeable membrane, is filled with sucrose solution. The funnel is kept inverted in a beaker,containing water. The water from the beaker, enters or diffuse across the membrane from the region of water higher concentration to the water LOWER concentration (Sucrose Solution) through SEMI Permeable membrane, by osmosis. This causes the raise of the level of solution in the funnel.
Discussion
3767.

Question :Degeneracy in genetic code was found by

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A. KORNBERG
BARBARA MC Clintock
Bernfield and Nirenberg
Hershey and Chase

Answer :C
Discussion
3768.

Question : Deformed bones are associated with

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pellagra
beriberi
anaemia
rickets

Answer :D
Discussion
3769.

Question : Deforestation leads to _____________ in rainfall.

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SOLUTION :REDUCTION
Discussion
3770.

Question : Deforestation has an alarming effect on

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INCREASE in GRAZING AREA
weed control
SOIL erosion
sunlight

Answer :C
Discussion
3771.

Question : Write a note on 'Visual Communication Device'.

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Solution :The device which helps in explaining the concepts easily through pictures is known as “Visual COMMUNICATION Device.. For example PHOTOS, audio -VISUALS, drawings, animations all these can be created easily with the help of computer. CINEMA is a GOOD example for ‘Visual Communication Device..
Discussion
3772.

Question : Define variation.

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SOLUTION :The OCCURRENCE of DIFFERENCES AMONG the individuals of a species is called VARIATION.
Discussion
3773.

Question : Define the Vegetative propagation process as used as a method of reproduction.

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Solution :VEGETATIVE propagation is a method of asexual REPRODUCTION where any vegetative PART of the plant body, like root, stem or leaf is USED to give rise to new plant.
Discussion
3774.

Question : Define the terms, ‘nutrition’ and ‘nutrients’. List two differences between ‘holozoic nutrition’ and ‘saprophytic nutrition’. Give two examples of each of these two types of nutrition.

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SOLUTION :Nutrition: The process by which the living organisms receive and utilise the FOOD materials NECESSARY for their SURVIVAL, growth and repair of worn-out tissues is called nutrition. Nutrients: Those substances which supply nourishment to living organisms from its surroundings and use it as an energy source or for biosynthesis of BODY constituents.
Discussion
3775.

Question : Define the terms unisexual and bisexual giving one example of each.

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Solution : Unisexual: In most of the ANIMALS including humans, male and female reproductive organs are in different individuals. Such animals are called unisexual
Bisexual: In some animals like tapeworm, LIVER fluke, earthworm, leech, etc., the male and female reproductive organs are found in a single individual. Such organisms are called bisexual (hermaphrodite).The flower may be unisexual (e.g., papaya, watermelon) when it contains either STAMENS or carpels and bisexual (eg. Hibiscus, MUSTARD) when it contains both stamens and carpels.
Discussion
3776.

Question : Define the term pollination. Differentiate between self and cross pollination. What is the significance of pollination? OR Explain the different types of pollination. List two agents of pollination? How does suitable pollination lead to fertilization?

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Solution :The transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma is known as pollination.
Types of Pollination:
Self-Pollination: When the pollen is transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of the same flower, it is called as self-pollination
Cross-Pollination: When the pollen is transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of the different flower of same species, it is called as Cross-pollination. It is always dependant on another agent to cause the transfer of pollen.Significance is to carry the pollen grains to the stigma for the process of fertilisation.
AGENTS of pollination include wind, water, animals etc.
Fertilization: After pollination, when pollen has landed on the stigma of a suitable flower of the same species, can a chain of events happen that ends in the making of seeds.
A tube grows out of pollen GRAIN and travels through the style to reach the female GERM cells present in ovule in the ovary. Out of two male GAMETES present in pollen tube one fuses with egg to form zygote. This fusion is called fertilization. After fertilization, the zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule. The ovule develops a tough COAT andgradually turns into a seed. The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit.
Discussion
3777.

Question : Define the term parasite. Name one plant parasite and one animal parasite. Some organisms break-down the food material outside the body and them absorb it . Give two examples.

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SOLUTION :PARASITES are the ORGANISMS which obtain nutrients from the body of other living organisms and harm them as a result.
Plantparasite - Cuscuta
Animal parasite - Tape worm .
Organismsthat break-downfood outside the body and then ABSORB it aresaprophytes. Forexample,fungi, bacteria.
Discussion
3778.

Question : Define the term double-fertilisation.

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SOLUTION : In flowering PLANTS, two COMPONENTS of embryo SAC, egg and two polar nuclei are fertilised at one time separately by the two male GAMETES formed inside the pollen tube. This phenomenon is called double-fertilisation.
Discussion
3779.

Question : Define the Self-pollination process as used as a method of reproduction.

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Solution :When the POLLEN GRAINS fall on the STIGMA of same flower, this is KNOWN as self-pollination.
Discussion
3780.

Question : Define the rule used to identify the direction of induced current in an electric generator. How can we increase the amount of electric current produced in the electric generator? Mention the property of the current produced by AC generator. Mention an important advantage of this type of current.

Answer»

Solution :Fleming.s right HAND rule shows the direction of induced current when a CONDUCTOR attached to a circuit moves in a magnetic field. The maximum potential difference or current can be increased by increasing the rate of rotation increasing the strength of the magnetic field increasing the number of turns on the COIL. Electromagnetic conduction is the PROPERTY of the current produced by the AC generator. The major advantage that AC electricity has over DC electricity is that AC voltages can be readily transformed to higher or lower voltage LEVELS, while it is difficult to do that with DC voltage. Since high voltages are more efficient for sending electricity to-great distances, AC electricity has an advantage over DC.
Discussion
3781.

Question : Define the power of lens. What is the meaning of "the power of lens is 1 dioptre" if the power of a lens -2.0D, then what type of lens is that? when an object is kept at infinity from this type of lens, what is the size of the image formed.

Answer»

<P>

SOLUTION :The ability of a lens to converge or diverge the ray of light after refraction is called power (p) of the lens. It is DEFINED as the reciprocal of the focal length i.e, `P= (1)/(f)`UNIT of power of a lens is diopter. A lens of focal length 100cm has a power of 1 dioptre i,e I dioptre = `1M^(-1)`If the power of a lens is 2 D then the type of lens is concave lens. The size of the image in this lens is highly diminished point sized.
Discussion
3782.

Question : Define the gene of a particular protein.

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Solution :Gene is a PARTICULAR segment of DNA on a chromosome, that is capable of CODING for a POLYPEPTIDE.
Discussion
3783.

Question : Define the Fragmentationprocess as used as a method of reproduction.

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Solution :Multicellular organisms with SIMPLE BODY design, may BREAK into pieces. Each of this fragment can grow into a NEW individual. This process is KNOWN as fragmentation. e.g., Spirogyra.
Discussion
3784.

Question : Define the following with one example for each : (i) Genetic Drift. (ii) Natural selection. (iii) Reproductive isolation.

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Solution :(i) Genetic drift : It refers to the RANDOM change in gene FREQUENCIES in a small POPULATION, presumably owing to change rather than natural selection, thereby providing diversity without any adaptations.
(ii) Natural selection : In this new suitable traits are selected to LIVE in the prevailing environment.
(III) Reproductive isolation : When same members of a particular species are not able to mate with other members of the same species due to environmental barriers or due to other geographical barriers , it is known as reproductive isolation.
Discussion
3785.

Question : Define the following terms (Do any two out of three) :(a)Holozoicnutrition(b)Emulsification(c)Dialysis .

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Solution :(a) Holozoic NUTRITION - A mode of nutrition in which solid food material is engulfed. It is seenin UNICELLULARORGANISM likeAmoeba as WELL as in multicellular organism like human beings. This mode of nutrition involves five stepsnamely ingestion, digestion,absorption, assimilation and egestion.
(B)Emulsification - It is the process of breaking down complex fat molecules intosmallfine GLOBULES of fats for action of enzyme lipase.
(c)Dialysis - A principle or process on whichartificial kidney is based. It is a process of separation of smaller soluted and ions fromlarge sizedmoleculesby means of ultrafiltrationin case of kidneyfailure.
Discussion
3786.

Question : Define the following processes of asexual reproduction : (i) Spore formation, (ii) Regeneration, (iii) Multiple fission.

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Solution :(i) Spore formation is a common method of asexual reproduction in many lower forms of life, like bacteria, FUNGI etc. It occurs mostly during unfavourable conditions such as extreme heat, DRYNESS etc. The spores are asexual reproducing bodies enclosed in a thick walled structure called sporangium. On return of favourable conditions the sporangium WALL bursts and the spores are released.
(ii) Regeneration means renewal, restoration, and GROWTH. The process of getting back a full organism from its body parts is called regeneration. Some organism like Hydra, Planaria have the capability to develop a whole new organism from its cut body parts. Regeneration of an organism occurs by the process of growth and development. Regeneration occurs in those organisms which have relatively simple body organization consisting of few specialized cells.
(iii) In multiple fission, the nucleus divides several times simultaneously or successively into a number of daughter nuclei and then the cytoplasm divides into as many cells as there are nuclei, each cell containing a nucleus. It is the common form of asexual reproduction in certain acellular organisms.
Discussion
3787.

Question : Define the following. (a) Diffusion (b) Osmosis

Answer»

Solution :(a) Diffusion: The movement of molecules in liquid and SOLIDS from a region of HIGHER concentration to a region of LOWER concentration, without the utilization of energy is called Diffusion.
(B) Osmosis: Osmosis is the movement of solvent or water molecules, from the region of higher concentration, to the region of lower concentration through a semi PERMEABLE membrane.
(c) Plasmolysis: Plasmolysis is a process, which occurs, when water moves out of the cell and resulting in the shrinkage of cell membrane, away from the cell wall.
Discussion
3788.

Question : Define stimulus.

Answer»

Solution :The CHANGES in the ENVIRONMENTAL condition, that are DETECTED by receptors present in the BODY are called stimulus.
Discussion
3789.

Question : Define species.

Answer»

Solution :MEMBERS that can INTERBREED to produce FERTILE OFFSPRING.
Discussion
3790.

Question : Define reproduction.

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Solution :Reproduction is a process by which NEW individuals of the same species are produced by EXISTING ORGANISMS (parents).
Discussion
3791.

Question : Define refractive index of a transparent medium. What is its unit? Which has a higher refractive index glass or water? The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its focal length

Answer»

Solution :The ratio of the speed of light in the FREE space (c) to the speed of light in given medium (V) is called its refractive index.
`n = C/V
It has no unit, GLASS has more refractive index than water.
Radius of CURVATURE, R = 20cm
Radius of curvature of a spherical mirror = 2 x Focal length (f)
`R = 2t`
`t.= R/2 = 20/2 = 10 cm`
HENCE, the focal length of the given spherical mirror is 10 cm.
Discussion
3792.

Question : Define reflex arc. Draw a flowchart showing the sequence of events which occur during sneezing.

Answer»

Solution :The pathway taken by NERVE impulses in a reflex ACTION is CALLED the reflex ARC.
Discussion
3793.

Question : Define reflex arc.

Answer»

SOLUTION :The path TAKEN by nerve IMPULSE to accomplish REFLEX action is CALLED Reflex arc.
Discussion
3794.

Question : Define reflex action. State its significance.

Answer»

Solution :Reflex action : It is defined as an unconscious, automatic and involuntary response of effectors, i.e. MUSCLES and glands, to a stimulus, which is monitored through the spinal cord.
SIGNIFICANCE : It protects us from any SUDDEN stimulus which MAY harm us.
Discussion
3795.

Question : Define reflex action. Give one example. Show with the help of a flow diagram the pathof the reflex action.

Answer»

Solution :Reflex action is a SUDDEN action in response to SOMETHING in the ENVIRONMENT.
e.g., pulling out hand from the flame if accidently touched.
The PATH of the reflx action is an follows :
`"Receptors"to"sensory neuron"to"spinal"`
`"CORD"to"motor neuron"to "effector"`
Discussion
3796.

Question : Define receptor and state their location in our body. Mention any two receptors prasent in our forbrain and their functions

Answer»

Solution :Specialised tips of some nerve cells which receive INFORMATION from the SURROUNDINGS are RECEPTOR.
Location : Sense organs
Gustatory receptor : Detect TASTE
OLFACTORY receptor : Detect smell
Discussion
3797.

Question : Define positive geotropism and negative geotropism. Give one example of each.

Answer»

Solution :The movement of plant part in response to GRAVITY is called geotropic movement and the phenomenon involved is called geotropism.
When the TIP of the STEM grows away from the earth.s gravitational forces, it is known as negative geotropism and when the root tips grow TOWARDS gravity, it is know as positive geotropism.
E.g., Stem SHOWS negative geotropism
Roots show positive geotropism.
Discussion
3798.

Question : Define Phototropism.

Answer»

Solution :MOVEMENT or bending of the shoot TOWARDS light is CALLED phototropism.
Discussion
3799.

Question : Define peristalsis and give its significance.

Answer»

Solution :RHYTHMIC contraction and relaxation of muscles of ALIMENTARY canal withthe HELPOF which food is propelled in forward direction are CALLED as peristaltic MOVEMENTS.
Discussion
3800.

Question : Define photolysis.

Answer»

Solution :The phenomenon of BREAKING down of water MOLECULE using solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll MOLECULES is known as PHOTOLYSIS.
Discussion