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7851.

Question : State the principles of Lamarck's Theory .

Answer»

SOLUTION :(a) THEORY of use and disuse .
(B) Theory of INHERITANCE of acquired character .
Discussion
7852.

Question : State the principle of Stockholm declaration - 1972.

Answer»

Solution :The natural resources of the Earth, including air. water. LAND. flora and FAUNA of natural ecosystems must be SAFEGUARDED for the benefit of the present and FUTURE generations through careful planning and management, as appropriate - Principle of the STOCKHOLM Declaration. 1972.
Discussion
7853.

Question : State the principle on which ELISA works.

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SOLUTION :ELISA is BASED on the PRINCIPLE of antigen-antibody INTERACTION.
Discussion
7854.

Question : State the physical structure of DNA.

Answer»

SOLUTION :DNA is a long polymer of deoxyribonucleotides.
The length of DNA is usually DEFINED as number of nucleotides (or a pair of nucleotide referred to as base pairs) PRESENT in it
This also is the characteristic of an organism.
For example, a bacteriophage KNOWN as `phixx 174` has 5386 nucleotides, Bacteriophage lambda has 48502 base pairs [bpl, Escherichia coli has `4.6 xx 10^(6)` bp and haploid content of human DNA is `3.3 xx 10^(9)` bp.
Discussion
7855.

Question : State the objective of using green manuring.

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Answer :GREEN manuring helps to increase the contant of nitrogen soil and ALSO IMPROVES the structure and physical PROPERTY of soil.
Discussion
7856.

Question : State the modifications of forelimb in animals as an example of homology.

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Solution :The forelimb of VERTEBRATES are pentadactyl i.e. consist of same BONES humerous, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalangers but differ in their function in different ORGANISMS.
The forelimbs of the following ANIMALS got modified as shown below : (i) Whale are modified for swimming. (H) Bat and birds are modified for flying. (Hi) Horse are modified for running. (iv) FROG are modified for leaping. (v) Man are modified for grasping.
Discussion
7857.

Question : State the mission of IUCN.

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SOLUTION :IUCN. .s mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the WORLD to CONSERVE nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.
Discussion
7858.

Question : State the mission of ELSI program.

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SOLUTION :The MISSION of the ELSI program was to identify and address issues raised by GENOMIC research that would affect INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES and society.
Discussion
7859.

Question : State the medicinal value and the bioactive molecule produced by streptcoccus ,Monascus and Trichoderma

Answer»

SOLUTION :Penicillium notatum : It is a fungi which PRODUCES penicillin, an antibiotic. Penicillin kills Gram + ve pathogenic BACTERIA.
Monascus perpureus : It is a fungi which produces statins. Statins lowers the cholesterol.
Trichoderma POLYSPORUM : It is a fungi which produces cyclosporin-A. Cyclosporin-A is given to transplant patient to avoid rejection of organs.
Discussion
7860.

Question :State the Mendel'slaw of inheritancethat is universally acceptable.

Answer»

Solution :(1) Law of SEGREGATION or second law of INHERITANCE isuniversally applicable.This is also known as the law of purity of gametes.
(2) When a pairof contrastingcharacters occur together in ahybrid,theyremainwithout MIXING eachotherand segregateduring the FORMATION of gametes.
Discussion
7861.

Question :State the location and secretion of prostate gland.

Answer»

Solution :The prostate encircles the URETHRA and is just below the urinary BLADDER and SECRETES a slightly ACIDIC fluid that contains citrate, several enzymes and prostate SPECIFIC antigens.
Discussion
7862.

Question : State the law of segregation.

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SOLUTION :The law of segregation states that "WGAT a pair of contrasting factors or genes or allelomorphis are brought TOGETHER in a heterozygote or hybrid,the two members of the allelic pair remain together without mixing and when GAMETES are formed ,the two separate out,so that only one enters each gamete".
Discussion
7863.

Question : State the law of independent assortment. Write schematic representation of dihybrid cross.

Answer»

Solution :Mendel proposed his second law namely the law of independent assortment this law states that the inheritance of genes of each pair in a dihybrid during gamete formation is independent of the other
When two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters is independent of the other. Law of independent assortment can be STUDIED by means of dihybrid cross (eg) between pure breeding pea plants having yellow round seed (YYRR) and pure breeding pea plant having green wrinkled seed (yyrr). the plants of first filial or `F_(1)` generation have all yellow and round seeds (YrRr). At the time of gamete formation according to the law of segregation each parent produce one gamete YR and yr. the `F_(1)` generation SHOWS one contrasting dominant character.
On self - breeding, the resultant second filial or `F_(2)` generation show four types of gametes, `YR, Yr, yR, yr`. Fusion occurs between any two of these gametes, thus 16 combination were possible in a `9: 3: 3: 1` phenotypic ratio.
The GENOTYPIC ratio shall be `1:2: 2:4:1:2:1 : 2: 1.` This experiment CLEARLY shows that the genes for the seed characters are assorted independently of each other and the presence of one factor does not contaminate the other.
The dihybrid cross can be schematically represented as follows :


`{:("yellow round",:,"yellow wrinkled",:,"green round",:,"green wrinkled"),("9",:,"3",:,"3",:,"1"):}`
Thus, the phenotypic ratio of the dihybird cross is `9:3:3:1`. The genotypic dihybrid cross is `9:3:3:1`. The genotypic ratio of this `F_(2)` generation ratio of this `F_(2)` generation can be represented as follows.
`{:("Yellow"),("Round 9"):}{:("YYRR (homozygous yellow, homozygous round) = 1"),("YYRr (homozygous yellow, heterozygous round) = 2"),("YyRR (heterozygous yellow, homozygous round) = 2"),("YyRr (heterozygous yellow, heterozygous round) = 4"):}`
`{:("Yellow"),("Wrinkled 3"):}{:("YYrr (homozygous yellow, wrinkled) = 1"),("Yyrr (heterozygous yellow, wrinkled) = 2"):}`
`{:("Green"),("Round3"):}{:("yyRR (green, homozygous round) = 1"),("yyRr (green, heterozygous round) = 2"):}`
`{:("Green"),("Wrinkled1"):}{:(),("yyrr (green, wrinkled) = 1"):}`
Therefore, the genotypic ratio is
`{:(ul(1 : 2 : 2 : 4),:," "ul(1 : 2),:," "ul(1 : 2),:," "ul(1)),(""darr,:,""darr,:,""darr,:," "darr),("9",:,"3",:,"3",:,"1"):}`
Discussion
7864.

Question : Explain the law of independent assortment with reference to seed shape and seed colour in garden tea plant.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Law of independent assortment states that when two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of character is independent of the other pair of character.
In a DIHYBRID cross, R represents a gene for ROUND shapre, r- gene for wrinkled and Y represents the gene for yellow colour and y-gene for green colour. The genotype producing round, yellow seed RRYY and a wrinkled green seed is rryy. The parents were homozygous for both pairs of factors. The RRYY parent produce gametes carrying RY factor and rryy parent produce gametes carrying ry factor.
When RY and ry gametes COME together during `F_(1)` generation, offspring will be RrYy and would produce a round and yellow seed, since R is dominant over r and Y is dominant over y.
The `F_(2)` generation of dihybrid cross yielded FOUR types of gametes - RY, Ry, rY. ry.
Phenotypic ratio - `9:3:3:1`


`"Genotypic ratio "-1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1`
`{:("Phenotypic"),("ratio"):}}{:("9:3:3:1"),("Round Yellow:Round Green:Wrinkled Yellow:Wrinkled Green"):}`
Discussion
7865.

Question : State the law Independent Assortment and how it is derived ?

Answer»

Solution :Law of Independent Assortment states that when two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters is independent of the other pair of characters at the time of gamete FORMATION.
= It also get randomly rearranged in the offsprings producing both parental and new combinations of characters.
=In the dihybrid cross, the phenotypes round yellow, wrinkled yellow, round green and wrinkled, green appeared in the ratio 9:3:3 : 1.
= Such a ratio was observed for several pairs of characters that Mendel studied.
= The ratio of 9 : 3:3:1 can be derived as a combination series of 3 yellow, 1 green with 3 round : 1 wrinkled.
= This derivation can be written as follows: (3 round : 1 wrinkled] [3 yellow : 1 green) = 9 round, yellow : 3 wrinkled yellow, 3 round Green : 1 wrinkled green.
=Based upon such observation on dihybrid crosses (crosses between plants differing in two traits) Mendel proposed a second set of generalisations that we CALL Mendel.s law of Independent Assortment.
=The Punnett Square can be effectively used to understand the independent segregation of the two pairs of genes during meiosis and the production of eggs and pollen in the F RrYy plant.
=Consider the segregation of one pair of genes R and r.
=Fifty PERCENT of the gametes have the gene .R. and the other 50% have .r..
=Now besides each gamete having either R or r it should also have the allele Y or y.
=The important thing to remember here is that segregation of 50% R and 50% r isindependent from the segregation of 50% Y and 50% y.
=Therefore, 50% of the r bearing gametes has Y and the other 50% has .y.
=Similarly 50% of the .R. bearing gametes has Y and the other 50% has .y .
=Thus there are four genotypes of gametes (four types of pollen and four types of eggs.
=The four genotypes of gametes are RY, Ry, ry, ry each with a frequency of 25% or 1/4th of the TOTAL gamete produced.
=When you write down the four types of eggs and pollen on the two sides of a Punnett Square it is very easy to derive the composition of the zygotes that give rise to the F, plants.
Discussion
7866.

Question : State the interaction in two leopards running to catch a deer as their food.

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SOLUTION :Intra-specific COMPETITION for FOOD.
Discussion
7867.

Question : State the incorrect statement

Answer»

LH triggers ovulation in ovary
LH and FSH decrease GRADUALLY during the follicular phase
LH triggers secretion of androgens from the LEYDIG cells
FSH STIMULATES the steroli cells which help in spermiogenesis

Answer :B
Discussion
7868.

Question : State the Hardy-Weinberg principle.

Answer»

SOLUTION :The ALLELE frequency in a population are STABLE and CONSTANT from generation to generation.
Discussion
7869.

Question : Mention the function of (a) Zona pellusida

Answer»

Solution :Zona pellucida protects the oocyte. It also prevents the implanataion of the BLASTOCYST into the fallopian tube. The blastocyst is KEPT covered and PROTECTED till it REACHES uterus.
Discussion
7870.

Question : State the formula to calculate natality.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
7871.

Question : State the economic importance of 'lac cultur,e ',

Answer»

Solution :(a) They are Used in the MANUFACTURE of bangles, toys ETC.
(b) They are used in the POLISHING of mirrors and wood WORK.
Discussion
7872.

Question : State the first law of thermodynamics.

Answer»

SOLUTION :FIRST law of thermodynamics states that energy can be transmitted from one SYSTEM to another in various forms. Energy cannot be DESTROYED or created. But it can be transformed from one form to another. As a result, the quantity of energy present in the universe is CONSTANT.
Discussion
7873.

Question : State the difference between the first trophic levels of detritus food chain and grazing food chain.

Answer»

Solution :(a) DFC-Dead and decaying ORGANIC matter/ dead REMAINS of PLANTS and animals
(B) GFC-Living green plants/producers
Discussion
7874.

Question : State the cause of Minamata disease.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Mercury poisoning CAUSED by consuming methyl mercury contaminated shell fish and fish is the cause for Minamata DISEASE.
Discussion
7875.

Question : State the best known contribution of Robert Koch.

Answer»

Solution :Koch.s postulates about the GERM Theory of INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
Discussion
7876.

Question : State the 4 criteria which a molecule must fulfill to act as a genetic material.

Answer»

Solution :(i) It should be able to generate its replica.
(ii) It Should be CHEMICALLY and structurally stable.
(iii) It Should be able to express itself in the form of Mendelian characters.
(IV) It Should provide the scope for SLOW changes (MUTATIONS)that are NECESSARY for evolution.
Discussion
7877.

Question : State the allelic forms of I gene and mention its chromosome location

Answer»

SOLUTION :The I gene exists in three FORMS: `I^(A), I^(B) and I^(O)` The alleles are located on CHROMOSOME 9.
Discussion
7878.

Question : State of complete inexcitability between polarisation and repolarisation is

Answer»

Refractory PERIOD
SYNAPTIC delay
Action POTENTIAL
DEPOLARISATION

Answer :D
Discussion
7879.

Question : State Mendel's law of segregation. Explain it with a suitable example.

Answer»

Solution :When a pair of factors for a character is brought together in a hybrid they separate during the FORMATION of gametes.
Monohybrid cross is an example for the law of segregation. The cross between the two PARENTS differing in one pair of characters is called monohybrid cross.
When a homozygous pure tall PEA plant (TT) is cross pollinated with homozygous pure dwarf pea plant (tt). In the `F_1` generation, all the plants produced were heterozygous tall.
Image cross
When the `F_1` plants were self-pollinated in the F, generation, both tall and dwarf plants were produced in the ratio 3:1. This concludes that recessive character is expressed only in the absence of dominant genes. During hybridization genes get separated WITHOUT any contamination. This illustrates law of segregation.

Phenotypic ratio = 3:1 = 3 Tall: 1 Dwarf
Genotypic ratio = 1:2:1 = 1 Homozygous tall : 2
Heterozygous tall: 1 Homozygous dwarf
Discussion
7880.

Question : State immunological surveillance theory.

Answer»

Solution :The concept of immunological surveillance postulates that the primary function of the IMMUNE system is to"SEEK and destroy" malignant cells that ARISE by SOMATIC mutation.The efficiency of the surveillance mechanism reduces either as a result of ageing or due to congenital or acquired immunideficiencies,LEADS to increased of cancer.Thus,if immunological surveillance is effective ,cancer should not occurs.The development of tumour represents a lapse in surveillance.
Discussion
7881.

Question : State Hardy - Weinberg principle. Mention any two factors that effect Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium. Write its equation.

Answer»

Solution : ..The frequency of alleles and genotypes in a large Menelian population REMAINS STABLE and CONSTANT from generation to generation... Two factors that affect HARDY - Weinberg equilibrium are
a. Gene mutation
b. Natural selection.
Discussion
7882.

Question : StateHardy - Weinberg principle . Mention any four factorswhichaffecting Hardy .

Answer»

SOLUTION :WEINBERG equilibrium .
Gene frequencyconstant from generationto generationunless it is ALTERED bythe extermalagencies .
Gene flow .
Generticdrift
Mutation
Genetic recombination .
Natural selection .
Discussion
7883.

Question : State Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle.

Answer»

SOLUTION : It STATES that two SPECIES having similar requirements cannot live at the same place (NICHE) permanently. One of the species will either be eliminated or MOVE out of the niche.
Discussion
7884.

Question : State Gause's 'Competitive Exclusion Principle'.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Cause.s .Competitive EXCLUSION Principle STATES that .Two closely related species COMPETING for the same resources cannot co-exist indefinitely and the competitively inferior one will be ELIMINATED eventually..
Discussion
7885.

Question : State Coupling and Repulsion theory.

Answer»

Solution :The two dominant alleles or recessive alleles OCCUR in the same homologous chromosomes, TEND to inherit TOGETHER into same gamete are called coupling or cis configuration . If dominant or recessive allels are present on tow different , but homologous chromosomes they inherit apart into different gamete are called repulsion or TRANS configuration .
Discussion
7886.

Question : State any two uniquenes of ELISA test.

Answer»

SOLUTION :ELISA is highly SENSITIVE and can detect antigen even in nanograms.
ELISA test does not REQUIRE RADIO isotopes or radiation COUNTING apparatus.
Discussion
7887.

Question : State any two subaerial modifications for vegetative propagation.

Answer»

Solution :RUNNER, STOLON, OFFSET and sucker are subaerial modifications for vegetative PROPAGATION.
Discussion
7888.

Question : State any two symptoms of Down's syndrome.

Answer»

Solution :Typically flat face with open mouth and protruding TONGUE, epicanthal SKIN fold over inner CORNER of the eyes, are the SYMPTOMS of Down's syndrome.
Discussion
7889.

Question : State any two objectives of using condoms.

Answer»

Solution :(a) To AVOID the insemination of semen into vagina thereby PREVENTING PREGNANCY.
(b) To avoid transmission of sexually transmitted DISEASE LIKE AIDS,
Discussion
7890.

Question : State any two differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

Answer»

Solution :(i) SPERMATOGENESIS is the formation of sperm in the SEMINIFEROUS tubules of TESTES while oogenesis is the formation of ovum in the ovary, (ii) In humans, spermatogenesis starts at puberty in males while oogenesis occurs during embryonic development in FEMALES.
Discussion
7891.

Question : State any three goals of the human genome project.

Answer»

SOLUTION :dentify all the genes (approximately 30000) in human DNA.
etermine the SEQUENCE of the three billion chemical base pairs that MAKEUP the human DNA.
To store this INFORMATION in databases.
Discussion
7892.

Question : State any three criteria which a molecule must fulfill to act as a genetic material.

Answer»

Solution :Criteria for a molecule to be a genetic MATERIAL
It should be able to GENERATE its replica
It should be chemically and structurally STABLE
It should PROVIDE the scope for slow changes (mutation) that are required for evolution.
It should be able to express itself in the FORM of "Mendelian characters".
Discussion
7893.

Question : State any one significance of interspecific hybridisation in plants.

Answer»

Solution :It helps to INTRODUCE desirable characters of two DIFFERENT species into a SINGLE OFFSPRING,
Discussion
7894.

Question : State any one advantage and one disadvantage of polyploid breeding.

Answer»

Solution :Advantage: Polyploid often EXHIBIT hybrid VIGOUR and INCREASED tolerance to be biotic and abiotic stresses. Disadvantage: Polyploid RESULT in reduced fertility due to MEIOTIC arror resulting in seedless varieties.
Discussion
7895.

Question : State and explain the law of segregation of characters.

Answer»

Solution :Mendel's second LAW of inheritance (law of segrega- TION) :
(1) Mendel's law of segregation is second law of inheritance. It states that when a pair of contrasting characters occur together in a hybrid, they remain together without mixing with each other and segregate during the FORMATION of gametes.
(2) Thus, for example, when Mendel crossed a homozygous tall PLANT with a homozygous dwarf plant, the offspring RESULTED from this cross was found to be a hybrid tall.
( 3) The hybrid tall thus produced had two genes, viz., T (tallness) and t (dwarfness). When this hybrid tall formed the gametes, the two genes, viz., T and t were segregated as shown under :

( 4) Thus, each gamete receives only one allele for each character and not both. Owing to the segregation, the gametes that are formied are pure for the characters which they carry. Hence, this law is also called the law of purity of gametes.
Discussion
7896.

Question : State and explain the law of purity of gametes.

Answer»

Solution :(i) Alleles do not show any bleding, both characters are seen as such in the `F_(2)` generation although one of the characters is not seen in the `F_(1)` generation.
(II) During the gamete formation, the factors or alleles of a pair separate and segregate from each other such that each gamete RECEIVES only one of the 2 factors.
(iii) A HOMOZYGOUS parent produces similar gametes and a hetorozygous parent produces 2 KINDS of gametes each having one allele with equal proporation.
(iv) Gametes are never HYBRID.
Discussion
7897.

Question : Explain "the law of independent assortment'' with a suitable example.

Answer»

Solution :Law of Independent Assortment :
(1) The law of independent assortment states that two parents differing from each other in two or more pairs of contrasting characters are crossed, then the inheritance of one pair of characters is independent of that of the other pair of characters.
(2) From the results of the DIHYBRID CROSS, it is obvious that the character of YELLOW colour of the seed is in no way linked with the ROUND shape of the seed. Similarly the green colour of the seed is not linked with the wrinkledshape of the seed. Thisis due to the FACT that in the abovecross, the two pairs of characters segregate independently. otherwords, there is independent assortmentof characters during inheritance.
Discussion
7898.

Question : State and explain the "law of independent assortment" in a typical Mendelian dihybrid cross.

Answer»

Solution :In the dihybrid CROSS, the phenotypes ROUND, yellow, unrinkled, yellow, round, green wrinkled,green appeared In the ratio `9:33:1`.Mendel proposed a second set of generalisation that we call Mendel's law of Independent Assortment. The law states that 'when two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of CHARACTERS is independent of the other pair of characters.
The punnette square can be effectively used to understand the independent segregation of the two pairs of genes during meiosis and the production of eggs and pollen in the F, Rr, Yy plant. Fifty percent of the gametes have the gene R and the other `50%` have r segregation of `50%` R and `50%` r is independent from the segregation of `50%` Y and `50%` y. Thus, there are four genotypes of gametes. The four TYPES are Ry, Ry, ry and each with a frequency of `25%` of `1/4th` of the total gametes produced.
Discussion
7899.

Question : State and explain Mendel's second law of inheritance.

Answer»

Solution :Mendel's second law of inheritance (law of segrega- tion) :
(1) Mendel's law of segregation is second law of inheritance. It states that when a pair of contrasting characters occur together in a hybrid, they remain together without mixing with each other and segregate during the formation of gametes.
(2) Thus, for example, when Mendel crossed a homozygous tall plant with a homozygous DWARF plant, the offspring resulted from this cross was found to be a hybrid tall.
( 3) The hybrid tall thus produced had TWO genes, viz., T (TALLNESS) and t (dwarfness). When this hybrid tall FORMED the gametes, the two genes, viz., T and t were segregated as shown under :

( 4) Thus, each gamete receives only one allele for each character and not both. Owing to the segregation, the gametes that are formied are pure for the characters which they carry. Hence, this law is also called the law of purity of gametes.
Discussion
7900.

Question : State and explain any three factors affecting allele frequency in populations.

Answer»

Solution :(i) Gene migration or gene flow: It involves either EMIGRATION or immi,gration. When migration of a section of POPULATION to another place and population OCCURS, gene frequencies change in the original as wen as in the new population. New genes/ALLELES are added to the new population and these are lost from the old population. There would be a gene flow if this gene migration happens multiple times.
(ii) Genetic drift: If the same change occurs by chance, it is called genetic drift. Sometimes the change in allele frequency is so different in the new sample ofpopuJation that they become a different species. The original drifted population becomes founders and the effect is called founder effect.
(Hi) Mutation : These are sudden, large, spontaneous and inheritable CHANGES in the genetic material. Microbial experiments show that pre-existing advantageous mutations when selected will result in observation of new phenotypes. Over few generations, this would result in speciation. Natural selection is a process in which heritable variations enabling better survival are enabled to reproduce and leave greater number of progeny. Mutations induces new genes and alleles in the gene pool.
Discussion