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12851.

Question : Mention four reasons why Drosophila was chosen by Morgan for his experiments in genetics.

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Solution :(i) Very short LIFE cycle (2-weeks)
(ii) Can be GROWN EASILY in laboratory
(iii) In single MATING produce a large no. of flies.
(iv) Male and FEMALE show many hereditary variations
(v) It has only 4 pairs of chromosomes which are distinct in size and shape.
Discussion
12852.

Question : What is biodiversity depletion? four "Evil Quartet" which cause depletion of biodiversity

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Solution :i) Habitat LOSS and fragmentation
II) Over-exploitation
iii) ALIEN species INVASIONS
iv) Co-extinctions
Discussion
12853.

Question : What caused down's syndrome. Mention four symptoms of Down's syndrome.

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SOLUTION :(i) SHORT statured with small round head.
(II) furrowed tongue and partially open mouth
(iii) palm is broad with characteristic palm crease
(iv) Physical, psychomotor and MENTAL development is retarded
Discussion
12854.

Question : Mention four tools required for recombinant DNA technology.

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Solution :(i) Enzymes like REN, DNA ligase
(II)Vector DNA/Plasmid
(III)HOST organism
(iv)Bioreactors
Discussion
12855.

Question : Mention four 'Evil Quartet which cause depletion of biodiversity.

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Solution :(i) Coextinction
(ii) Over-exploitation
(III) ALIEN species INVASION
(iv) Habitat LOSS and FRAGMENTATION
Discussion
12856.

Question : Mention four basic processes that fluctuate the density of a population in a given habitat.

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SOLUTION :i) Natality II) Mortality iii) IMMIGRATION IV) EMIGRATION
Discussion
12857.

Question : Define sex linked inheritance.

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SOLUTION :Red-green COLOUR BLINDNESS or daltonism, haemophilia and Duchenne.s muscular DYSTROPHY.
Discussion
12858.

Question : Mention essential conditions for origin of life

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Solution :EARTH , REDUCING atmosphere,sources of energy and INORGANIC molecules
Discussion
12859.

Question : Mention different types of chromosomes according to the position of centromere.

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Solution :METACENTRIC, sub-metacentric, acrocentric and telocentric are the FOUR MAIN types of CHROMOSOMES according to the position of the centromere.
Discussion
12860.

Question :Mention diagnosis of STI and remedies to prevent it?

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Solution :STIs are a major threat to the healthy society.
Prevention or early detection and CURE of these diseases are GIVEN prime consideration.
STI proportion is very high in the age group of 15-24 years.
Remedies to prevent it are as follow : (1) Avoid sex with unknown partners, multiple partners. (ii) Always try to use condoms during coitus. (iii) In case of doubt ONE should go to a QUALIFIED doctor for carly detection and get complete treatment if diagonsed with INFECTION.
Discussion
12861.

Question : Mention any two ways in which single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP_(S)) identified in human genome can bring revolutionary change in biological and medical science.

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Solution :SCIENTISTS have identified about 1.4 million locations, where single base DNA differences `(SNP_(s)` Single nucleotidepolymorphism - pronounced as .snips.) OCCUR in humans. Identification of .SNIPS. is helpful in finding CHROMOSOMAL locations for disease associatedsequences and tracing HUMAN history.
Discussion
12862.

Question : Mention causes and effects of phenylketonuria.

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Solution :The affected individuals lack an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of the amino acid PHENYLALANINE in to tyrosine. HENCE phenylalanine get accumulated and converted into phenyl pruvic acid and other derivatives. ACCUMULATION of these CHEMICALS in the brain RESULTS in mental retardation, these are also excreted in the urine as they are not absorbed by the kidney.
Discussion
12863.

Question : Mention any two vital biomolecules that requires phosphorous for their biosynthesis.

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SOLUTION :DNA and ATP.
Discussion
12864.

Question :Mention any two species that had become extinct very recently.

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Solution :(a) George, the TREE snail (Achatinella apexfulva)
(b) SUDAN - Northern white RHINOCEROS (Ceratotherium simum)
Discussion
12865.

Question : Mention any two species that exhibits protective mimicry.

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SOLUTION :a) Carausium morosus (STICK INSECT)B) Phyllium frondosum (LEAF insect).
Discussion
12866.

Question : Mention any two physiologieal barriers that provide non-specific type of defense to our body.

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Solution :Physiological barriers include- Acid in the STOMACH, SALIVA in the mouth and tears from EYES, all PREVENT MICROBIAL growth.
Discussion
12867.

Question : Mention any two significant roles of predation plays in nature.

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Solution :Predation maintains the stability of food chain in an ECOSYSTEM. Population of the insects and small ANIMALS are in control DUE to predation or else it may lead to OVERGRAZING and BROWSING thereby altering the vegetation.
Discussion
12868.

Question : Mention any two natural methods of birth control.

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SOLUTION :a) PERIODIC Abstinence-couples avoid coitus from `10-17^(TH)` day of menstrual cycle when ovulation is EXPECTED.
b) Lactational Amenorrhoca-absence of menstruation during INTENSE lactation.
Discussion
12869.

Question : Mention any 'two' methods used to prevent spoilage of fish.

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Solution :DRYING, salting, CANNING, FREEZING are METHODS used to PREVENT fish spoilage.
Discussion
12870.

Question : Mention any two methodsof introducing allen DNA into the host .

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Solution :Recombinat DNAand thebacterial CELLS areincubatedin ice, followed by placingthem briefly at 42oC ( heat shock) and then putting them back in ice .
By microinjection the RECOMBINANT DNA directlyinjected into the NUCLEUS fo the animal cells .
Plant cells are BOMBARDED with highvelocity micro - PARTICLES of glod or tungsten coated with DNAin a methodKnown as biolistics or gene gun .
Discussion
12871.

Question : Mention any two mechanisms how human body compensates low oxygen availability at higher altitude.

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Solution :(a) By INCREASING RBC production
(B) Decreasing the BINDING affinity of haemoglobin
(c) Increasing the breathing rate
Discussion
12872.

Question : Mention any two measures to improve the quality of milk production.

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Solution :a) MILK yield is dependent primarily on the quality of breeds having high yielding potential.
b) FEEDING of the cattle should be done in a SCIENTIFIC manner, CONSIDERING the quantity and quality of FODDER.
c) It should be given sufficient quantity of water.
Discussion
12873.

Question : Mention any two measures for prevention and control of alcohol and drug abuse among adolescents.

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SOLUTION :COMMUNICATION and Support: An adolescent should be ABLE to discuss problems in studies, games, friends, etc. with the parents and parents should provide moral support INSTEAD of passing derogatory comments.
No Undue Pressure for Extraordinary Performance: The child should not be asked to perform beyond threshold limits whether in studies, sports or extra CURRICULAR activities.
Discussion
12874.

Question :Mention any two measures for prevention and control of alcohol and drug abuse among adolescents.

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SOLUTION :i. Avoid undue peer pressure.
ii. SEEK PROFESSIONAL and MEDICAL help.
Discussion
12875.

Question : Mention any two Jute species.

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SOLUTION :(a) Corchorus capsularis
(B) Corchorus olitorius
Discussion
12876.

Question : Mention any two historical community level conservation movements held for the protection of environment.

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SOLUTION :CHIPKO MOVEMENT and APPIKO Movement
Discussion
12877.

Question : Mention any 'two' functions of uterus?

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Solution :UTERUS DEVELOPS the FOETUS through formation of placenta, maintains the PREGNANCY and also expels the baby at the TIME of parturition.
Discussion
12878.

Question : Mention any two free -living nitrogen fixing bacteria.

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SOLUTION :AZOTOBACTER and CLOSTRIDIUM.
Discussion
12879.

Question : Mention any two examples of plants used as wind breakers in the agricultural fields.

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Solution :Acacia, Nerium. Jamun, Imliand etc. are used as wind BREAKERS in the AGRICULTURAL FIELDS.
Discussion
12880.

Question : Mention any two examples of evolution by human activities.

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Solution :Few examples of EVOLUTION by anthropogenic ACTION are
Excessive usage of HERBICIDES, pesticides
ANTIBIOTIC or drug RESISTANT varieties
Discussion
12881.

Question : Mention any two ecological services for the benefit of mankind.

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Solution :`CO_(2)` fixation and release of OXYGEN are the two ECOLOGICAL SERVICES for the benefit of mankind.
Discussion
12882.

Question : Mention any two effects of Ozone depletion on humans.

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Solution :Effects of ozone depletion on humans is as follows :
a) UV-B damages DNA and mutation may occur. It causes aging of skin, damage to skin cells and various types of skin cancers.
b) In human eye, CORNEA absorbs UV-B RADIATION and a high dose of UV-B causes inflammation of cornea, called snow BLINDNESS, CATARACT, etc., Such EXPOSURE may permanently damage the cornea.
Discussion
12883.

Question : Mention any two drugs to treat insomnia patient.

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SOLUTION :1.Methamphetamine2.Lysegic ACID diethylamide(LSD)
Discussion
12884.

Question : Mention any two differences between Homo habilis and Homo erectus

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
12885.

Question : Mention any two competent nationalauthorities that implement Biosafety guidelines.

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Solution :(a) Review Committee on Genetic MANIPULATION (RCGM)
(b) Genetic Engineering APPROVAL Committee (GEAC)
Discussion
12886.

Question : Name the climatic factors that affect plant life.

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Solution :(a) CLIMATIC factors: LIGHT and Air.
(b) EDAPHIC factors: Soilwaer and pH of SOIL.
Discussion
12887.

Question : Mention any two bacterial species used as SCP.

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SOLUTION :(1) Celluslomoas (2) ALCALIGENES
Discussion
12888.

Question : Explainany three major causes of biodiversity loss .

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SOLUTION :Habitat loss and FRAGMENTATION
Over EXPLOITATION
Co-extinctions
Invasion of alien species.
Discussion
12889.

Question : Mention any two autosomal genetic disorder with their symptoms.

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Solution :Sickle CELL anaemia and Down.s syndrome.
= (i) Sickle cell anaemia : The mutant haemoglobin molecule undergoes polymerisation under low oxygen tension causing the change in the SHAPE of the RBCs from biconcave disc ELONGATED. Sickle like structure.
= (ii) Down.s syndrome : The affected individual is short STATURED with small round head, furrowed tongue and partially open mouth.
= PHYSICAL and mental development is retarded.
Discussion
12890.

Question : Mention any three sources of carbon dioxide emission.

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Solution :• Coal based power PLANTS, by the BURNING of fossil fuels for electricity generation.
• Combustion of fuels in the engines of automobiles, commercial vehicles and air planes CONTRIBUTE the most of global warming.
• AGRICULTURAL practices like stubble burning result in emission of `CO_2`
Discussion
12891.

Question : Mention any tree advantage of Arbuscular mycorrhizal association.

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Solution :(.) Arbuscular my corrhizae have the ability to DISSOLVE the PHOSPHATE found in soil. (.) Provides resistance against disease, germs and unfavourable WEATHER CONDITION. (.) It ASSURES water availability.
Discussion
12892.

Question : Mention any three macronutrients and micronutrients used in MS medium.

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Solution :Macronutrients:
(a) Ammonium nitrate (B) POTASSIUM nitrate (c ) Calcium chloride
MICRONUTRIENTS:
(a) Manganese SULPHATE (b) Zinc sulphate (c ) Potassium iodide
Discussion
12893.

Question : Mention any three historical events which took place in the 21st century for the development of biotechnology.

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Solution :2002 - First crop plant genome sequenced in Oryza sativa.
2003 - Human genome PROJECT is completed PROVIDING information on the locations and sequence of human genes on all 46 chromosomes.
2016 - Stem cells injected into stroke patients re - ENABLE patient to walk - Stem cell THERAPY.
Discussion
12894.

Question : Mention any three features of vectors that are most suitable for the purpose of recombinant DNA technology.

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Solution :Features of suitable vectors INCLUDE-
i) Origin of replication (ori) - high copy number ori sequence from where replicaiton starts, to which any piece of DNA when linked can be replicated within the host cells.
ii) Selectable marker helps in identifying and eliminating non- transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants. The genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, TETRACYCLINE or KANAMYCIN etc., are useful selectable markers for E.coli.
iii) CLONING sites In order to link the alien DNA, the vector should possess a single recognition or cloning site each for the commonly used RESTRICTION enzymes. This site may also be present in one of the two antibiotic resistance genes.
Discussion
12895.

Question : Mention any three applications of DNA finger printing technique.

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Solution :1) Useful identification FOOD inforensic application
Eg :- USED to identify the criminals related with MURDER and rape.
2) It is the basis of paternity testing, in case of disputes.
3) Helps in determining population and genetic DIVERSITY.
Eg :- It solves the disputes arising from baby switch over in hospitals.
Discussion
12896.

Question : Mention any three characteristics of cancer cell. Mention its causes.

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SOLUTION :Canterous cells divide CONTINUOUSLY and are IMMORTAL.
They grow enormously than the normal cell.
Nucleus is abnormal in SHAPE and size.
Discussion
12897.

Question : Mention any three characteristics of cancer cell ?

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Solution :CHARACTERISTICS of Cancer cell:
(i) Cancer cells have lost control of cell division, giving rise to TUMOUR.
(ii) Cancer cells have no contact inhibition.
(iii) Cancer cells grow rapidly invade and damage SURROUNDING tissue.
(iv) MASS of proliferating cells called NEOPLASTIC cells.
(v) Cancer cells show metastasis.
(vi) Cells grow, starve the normal cells by competing for vital nutrients.
Discussion
12898.

Question : Mention any three algal species used for SCP production.

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SOLUTION :SPIRULINA, CHLORELLA and CHLAMYDOMONAS.
Discussion
12899.

Question : Write down the advantages and disadvantages of cross-pollination.

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Solution :`**` It always results in BRINGING out much HEALTHIER offsprings.
`**` Germination capacity is much better.
`**` NEW varieties MAY be produced.
`**` The adaptability of the PLANTS to their environment is better.
Discussion
12900.

Question : Mention any three advantages of GM organisms .

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SOLUTION :The advantage of producitonof GM crops are :
(i)They have proved to be EXTREMELY valuabletoolsin studieson plantsmolecular BIOLOGY , regulationof geneactionidentification of regulatory / promotory SEQUENCE.
(ii) GM cropshave imporvedagronomic and othercharacteristics likeresistanceto biotic andabiotic STRESSES.
(iii) Overripeninglosses can be reduced e.g.,flavrsavr tomato.
Discussion