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14001.

Question : List the specific symptoms of typhoid. Name the causative agent.

Answer»

Solution :(i) constant high temperature in 1st and 2nd week followed by gradual decreased fever in 3rd and 4th week. (II) Headache, EXTREME WEAKNESS, abdominal pain, constipation. (III) inflammation in ileum and colon. CAUSATIVE agent is bacterium Salmonella typhi.
Discussion
14002.

Question : It is possible to make a living cell with the help of methane, ammonia, water and hydrogen. Do you agree with this statement?

Answer»

Solution :Yes. This was CONFIRMED by an experiment done by Urey and Miller in 1953. At the end of the experiment they got simple organic compounds which INCLUDED amino acids LIKE glycine, alanine and aspartic acid, fatty acids and urea. As we know, amino acids are the basic UNITS of protein and fatty acids are the basic. unit of lipids, it is possible to make a LIVING cell with the help of these elements.
Discussion
14003.

Question : It is observed that continuous inbreeding of animals for 4 - 6 generations produces progeny with reduced fertility and productivity. What measure can be taken to improve fertility and productivity of progeny?

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Solution :To improve the FERTILITY and PRODUCTIVITY of inbreeding population, it should be mated with UNRELATED superior animal of same breed. A SINGLE out cross may also help to improve the fertility and productivity or to overcome inbreeding DEPRESSION.
Discussion
14004.

Question : List the salient features of Human Genome.

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Solution :Salient features of Human Genome
a. Human genome CONTAINS 3164.7 million nucleotide bases.
b. TOTAL number of genes is about 30,000.
c. Average gene consists of 3000 bases, but sizes vary. Largest known human gene (dystrophin on X-chromosome) contains 2.4 million bases.
d. `99.9%` nucleotide bases are identical in all people. `0.1%` is what makes each of us unique.
e. Functions of over `50%` of discovered genes are unknown.
f. Chromosome I has most genes (2968) and Y has the fewest (231).
g. Less than `2%` of the genome codes for proteins.
h. Repeated sequences make up very large portion of human genome. Repetitive sequences are stretches of DNA sequences that are repeated many times. They have no direct coding functions, but they shed light on chromosome STRUCTURE, dynamics and evolution.
i. About 1.4 million locations where SINGLE-base DNA differences (SNPs- Single nucleotide polymorphism or .snips.) occur in humans.
Discussion
14005.

Question :It is obsereved that gemets of both haploid and diploid parents are haploid. Name the kind of cell division during of gemet formation in case of haploid and dipolid organisms.

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Solution :The TYPE of cell division during GAMETE formation in HAPLOID PARENTS in mitotic and THATIN diploidparents is meiosis.
Discussion
14006.

Question : (a) List the responses of living organisms to abiotic factors. (b) What is commensalism? Give an example. (C) Name the type of interaction between algae and fungi in lichens.

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Solution :1. Regulate
2. Conform
3. MIGRATE
4. SUSPEND.
Discussion
14007.

Question : Why is it not possible to study the pattern of inheritance of traits in human beings, the same way as it is done in pea plant ? Name the alternate method employed for such an analysis of human traits.

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SOLUTION :(a) In HUMANS, controlled breeding cannot be CARRIED out (B) LIFESPAN is very long, Pedigree analysis
Discussion
14008.

Question : List the reasons of selecting 'stock and scion' during grafling between two closely related dicotyledonous plants having vascular cambia by the gradeners.

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Solution :The ROOTED supporting of one plant (stock) is JOINED withatwig of another plant caleld SCION . The root stock generally BELONGS to a wild variery which is resistant to desease and pests and possess an efficient root system for abosrption of water and MINERALS. The scion is derrived from the plant possesseing better characteristics.
Discussion
14009.

Question : List the period, brain capacity and probable food of Homo erectus stage of human evolution.

Answer»

Solution :Homo erectus were CALLED Javaman, their period was 1.5 MYA, These fossils were FOUND in JAVA, their BRAIN capacity is 900cc, they ate meat.
Discussion
14010.

Question : It is not a features of the polymer waste bitumen mix road :

Answer»

ROAD STRENGTH twice stronger than NORMAL roads.
Less blading during summer.
It INVOLVE extra machinery.
It doesn.t INCREASE cost of road construction. 

Answer :C
Discussion
14011.

Question : Write the objectives of Human Genome project.

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Solution :i. To map all the genes in the HUMAN genome.
ii. To determine the sequence of all 3 billion base pairs.
iii. To store this information in DATA bases and DEVELOP tool for dataanalysis.
iv. To address the ETHICAL, legal and social issues that may ARISE fromthis object.
Discussion
14012.

Question : It is neccesary to conserve biodiversity for mankind.

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Solution :Human societies are DEPENDENT on the natural RESOURCES. Man always takes benfit from different plant species and animal species. He has to keep a balance between the use and renewal of these resources, so as to get the sustainable benefits for him and for his future generations. If any organism becomes extinct, the food CHAIN in the ecosystem is lost causing imbalance in the ecosystem. Biodiversity is needed to be conserved to maintain ecological processes, to maintain number of individuals of a species and to build NATIONAL economy for the study of life in natural environment.
Discussion
14013.

Question : List the objective of animals breeding?

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Solution :(i)Animal breeding aims at improving the genotypes of domesticated animals to increase their YIELD and improve the DESIRABLE qualities to produce milk,egg and meat.
(II)The cross between animals of the same breed ,it is called inbreeding.
(iii)The cross between animals of different BREEDS is called out breeding.
Discussion
14014.

Question :List the key tools used in recombinant DNA technology

Answer»

SOLUTION : The Key TOOLS used in recombinant DNA technology are :
(1) Restriction enzym
(ii) Polymerase ENZYME
(iii) Ligase enzyme
(iv)Vectors
(V) host organism/cell
Discussion
14015.

Question : It is much easier for a small animal to run uphill than for a large animal,because

Answer»

SMALL animals have a lower `O_2` requirement
The efficiency of muscles in LARGE animals is LESS than in the small animal
II is easier to carry a small BODY weight
Smaller animals have a higher METABOLIC rate

Answer :D
Discussion
14016.

Question : Listthe measureto prevent sexually transmitteddiseases.

Answer»

SOLUTION :AVIOD SEX with unknown partners/ multiplepartners .
Alwaysuse condomsduringcoitus.
In CASEOF doubt , contactimmediately the qualified medicalpractitionerfor earlydetection and CURE.
Discussion
14017.

Question : What are hormones? List the hormones produced by the placenta during pregnancy.

Answer»

Solution :HUMAN chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), human PLACENTAL lactogen (hPL), ESTROGENS, progestogens. Sunstar
Discussion
14018.

Question : List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.

Answer»

Solution :Effects of drug and alcohol abuse can be classified into two categories.
Immediate effects : reckless behavior, vandalism and violence. Respiratory and heart failure, cerebral hemorrhage due to excessive doses of drugs may lead to coma and death.
Aggressive and rebellious behavior, depression, fatigue, withdrawal and isolation.
Deteriorating relationships with family and friend.
Changes in SLEEPING pattern, fluctuations in weight appetite and lack of personal hygiene.
Drop in academic performance of student, absence from school/college and loss of interest.
Far reaching implications are HABIT of stealing on not getting money to buy drugs, alcohol, etc.
Mental and financial distress not only to the addict, but to his/her entire family and friends as well.
Alcohol use in adolescence may lead to heavy drinking in adulthood.
Chronic use damages the NERVOUS system and causes liver cirrhosis. Higher risk of infections like AIDS and Hepatitis B, which transmits through sharing of infected needle and syringes or sexual contact.
The use of drugs and alcohol during PREGNANCY is also known to have adverse effects on foetus. Sport person take up certain drugs, steroids, etc., in ORDER to enhance their performance.
These drugs increase the muscle strength, thus increasing athletic performance. This anabolic steroids have many side effects that may be permanent with prolonged use.
In adolescents, severe facial and body acne and premature closure of growth centres of the long bone may result in stunted growth.
Discussion
14019.

Question : It is much easier for a small animal to run uphill than for a large animal, because

Answer»

smaller animals have a higher metabolic rate 
SMALL animals have a lower `O_2` requirement 
the EFFICIENCY of MUSCLES in large animals is LESS than in the small animals
it is easier to CARRY a small body weight 

Answer :A
Discussion
14020.

Question : Listthe goals of humna genome project .

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SOLUTION :Identify ALLTHE approximately20,00 - 25,000 genes in HUMAN DNA.
Determinethe sequenceof all 3 billionchemcial basepairs.
Improve toolsfor data analysis .
TRANSFER relatedtechnological to othersectors , suchas industries .
Discussion
14021.

Question : If a certain mass of gas is made to undergo separately adiabatic and isothermal expansions to the same pressure, starting form the same initial conditions of temperature and pressure, then, as compared to that of isothermal expansion, in the case of adiabatic expansion, the final

Answer»

SOLUTION :(a) Unchanged environment (B) CLIMAX BIOTIC community.
Discussion
14022.

Question : It is known as male gamete cell

Answer»

TESTIS
SPERM cell
Spermatozoa
B and C both

ANSWER :D
Discussion
14023.

Question : What is Geologic time scale.

Answer»

Solution :Precambrian era
PALEOZOIC era
MESOZOIC era
CENOZOIC era
Discussion
14024.

Question : It is interesting to note that in the female reproductive system there is no connection between the ovary and the remaining reproductive system. a. How does an ovum enter the female reproductive system? b. Name the parts seen in this portion.

Answer»

SOLUTION :a. The matured ovum first falls into the abdominal cavity and from there it passes to the OVIDUCT through a funnel shaped opening known as infundibulum
b. Infundibulum, fimbriae and ampulla are the three REGIONS SEEN in the oviduct.
Discussion
14025.

Question : List theevents thatreducethebiologicaloxygendemand (Bod)ofa promary effluent during sewage treatment .

Answer»

Solution :theevents thatreducethe BODOF a PRIMARY effuent are :
1. theprimary effluentis passed intolargeaerationtanks whereit ismechanically agitatedand airispumped into it .
2.Mechanical agitationof primary efuent leadsto gowth of aerbic MICROBES whichreduces the BOD.
Discussion
14026.

Question : List the factors affecting primary productivity.

Answer»

Solution :Primary productivity DEPENDS upon the plant species of an area, their PHOTOSYNTHETIC capacity, availability of nutrients, solar RADIATION, precipitation, soil type, TOPOGRAPHIC factors (ALTITUDE, latitude and direction), and other environmental factors.
Discussion
14027.

Question : why It is important to develop disease resistant varieties of crops.

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SOLUTION :REASON: This WOULD increase the YIELD and reduce the use of fungicides and bactericides.
Discussion
14028.

Question :Listthe differenttypesofpollination dependinguponthe source ofpollen grain .

Answer»

SOLUTION :THEDIFFERENT TYPESOF POLLINATION are :
1.Windpollination: thepollengrainsare lightandstickystamensare well exposedandstigma arefeatheryEg : Greasses :
2.Pollination by Water: Femaleflowersreachthe watersurfaceby a longstalk andpollengrains are releasedon thesurfaceof water.Eg : Vallisneria .
Insect Polliunation : Flowers are large , colorfulfragrant andrichin NECTAR .
ANimal pollination : theanimalsare attractedto theflowers colour andfragrance thebody of animalsgets convered withpollenandtranseferred tostigma.
Discussion
14029.

Question : It is generally observed that the number of male gamtes produced is several thousand times the number of female gametes. What is the reason.behind it ?

Answer»

SOLUTION : Druing the PROCESS of fertilization, a LARG of numberof male gametes fail to reach the female gametes.n Therefore, male gametes areproduced in LARGE numbers to compnsate this loss.
Discussion
14030.

Question : List the disadvant.ages of insulin obtained from the pancreas of slaughtered cows and pigs.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Insulin being a hormone is produced in very little amounts in the body. Hence, a large number of . animals need to be sacrificed for obtaining small quantities of insulin. This makes the cost of insulin very HIGH. Slaughtering of animals is also not ethicalThere is POSSIBILITY of Slaughtered animals being infested with some infectious microorganism which MAY contaminate insulin. There is potential of immune RESPONSE in humans against the administered insulin which is derived from animals.
Discussion
14031.

Question : It is evident that it is the genetic make up of the sperm that determines the sex of the child in human beings, substantiate.

Answer»

Solution :Males are heterogametic because they PRODUCE TWO types of gametes one with x chromosomes and other with Y chromosomes.
FEMALES are homogametic as they produce, only one type of gametes with X chromosomes.Thus men DETERMINE the sex of the children as their sex depends on whether it is in the X-sperm of y-sperm that fertilises the ovum.
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Discussion
14032.

Question : List the different zones of an aquatic body.

Answer»

Solution : (a) Littoral zone (B) Limnetic zone (C) Profunda! zone (d) BENTHIC zone
Discussion
14033.

Question : List the disadvantages of insulin obtained from the pancreas of slaughtered cows and pigs.

Answer»

Solution :(i) Insulin being a hormone is produced in very little amounts in the body. Hence, many animals NEED to be slaughtered for obtaining small quantities of insulin. This makes the cost of insulin very high. [Demand being many folds higher than supply). (ii) Slaughtering of animals is also not ethical. (III) There is potential of immune response in humans against the administered insulin which is derived from animals. (iv) There is possibility of slaughtered animals being infested with some infectious microorganism which may contaminate insulin. (v) This TYPE of insulin may cause allergic REACTIONS.
Discussion
14034.

Question : It is estimated that out of thetotal global warmingthe relative contribution of CO_(2),CH_(4),CFCs and N_(2)O are found respectively as .

Answer»

60%,20%,14% and 6%
6%,14%,20% and 60%
20%,60%,14% and 6%
20%,14%,60% and 6%

ANSWER :A
Discussion
14035.

Question : Write the differences between linkage and crossing over.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
14036.

Question :Listthecrteriaamoleculethat canactas geneticmaterialmustfulfill. Whichoneofthecritriaarebestfulfilledby DNAorbyRNAthusmakingoneof thema better gentic materialthan canother ? Explain .

Answer»

SOLUTION : A MOLECULETHE can actgeneticmustfulfill thefollowingcritra.
1.Itshouldbe ableto replicate .
2.It shouldbechemicallyandstructurallystable .
3.It shouldprovidechancefor mutationthatis required forevolution
4. it shouldbe ableto express itselfin theformof GENES .
DNAis morestablethanRNAandbettersuitedforstorge of geneticinformationwhileRNAis moresuitablefor thetransmissionofgenticinformationbecause ,
1.BothDNAand RNAcan replicaate .
2.presenceof thyminein placeofUracilmakesDNAmorestable
3.Presence2, -OH groupin RNAmakesit morelabile RNA is alsocatalytic and morereactive,DNAis chemically andstructurally more stable .
4.RNAmutatesfaster than DNAsinceit isunstable.
5.RNAcan directlycodeforprotein synrthesiswhileDNA is dependant on RNAforproteinsythesisthisshowsthatproteinsythesishasevolvedaround RNA .
Discussion
14037.

Question : List the difference between Dicot and Monocot stem.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
14038.

Question : List the defense developed by prey against predator in animal communities.

Answer»

Solution :(a) Insects and frogs are cryptically colored (camouflaged) to avoid being detected by the predator.
(b) Some are poisonous and therefore avoided by the predators.
(c) Monarch BUTTERFLY is highly distasteful to its predator (BIRD) due to PRESENCE of special chemical its body.
(d) The chemical acquired by feeding a poisonous weed during CATERPILLAR stage.
Discussion
14039.

Question : It is difficult for most plants to carryout photosynthesis in very hot, dry environments why ?

Answer»

Very INTENSE light over powers PIGMENT MOLECULES
The closing of somata keeps away `CO_2` from entering and `O_2` from LEAVING PLANTS
`CO_2` build up in the leaves , blocking carbon fixation
None of the above

Answer :B
Discussion
14040.

Question : List the common withdrawal symptoms of drugs and alcohol abuse.

Answer»

SOLUTION :The withdrawal symptoms MAY range form mild tremors or convulsiobns,SERVE AGITATION and fits,depressed mood,ANXIETY ,nervousness,restlessness,irritability,insomnia,dryness of throat,etc,depending on the type of drug abuse.
Discussion
14041.

Question : List out the characteristics of ecological succession.

Answer»

SOLUTION :It is a systematic process which causes changes in specific structure of plant community.
It is resultant of changes of abiotic and biotic factors.
It transforms unstable community into a stable community.
Gradual PROGRESSION in species DIVERSITY, total biomass, niche specialisation, and humus content of soil takes place.
It progresses from simple food chain to complex food WEB.
It modifies the LOWER and simple life form to the higher life forms.
It creates inter-dependence of plants and animals.
Discussion
14042.

Question : It is easier to culture plant cells in vitro as compared to animal cells. Why?

Answer»

Solution :It is easier to culture plant cells because plants have more totipotent meristematic cells. They can grow for UNLIMITED generations whereas animal cells are MOSTLY DIFFERENTIATED. Also, in culture animal cellsstop growing after few generations and DIE.
Discussion
14043.

Question : List the changes observed in an angiosperm flower subsequent to pollination and fertilisation.

Answer»

Solution :Post - fertilisation MODIFICATION.
(i) Ovary - Fruit (ii) Ovary wall - Pericarp (fruit wall) (iii) Ovule - Seed (iv) Outer INTEGUMENT - Testa (Outer seed COAT) (v) Inner integument - Tegmen (Inner seed coat) (VI) Secondary nucleus - Endosperm (vii) EGG - Zygote (viii) Synergids and antipodals - Degenerate (ix) Hilum, funicle and micropyle - Shows no changes.
Discussion
14044.

Question : It is difficult to estimate global diversity for prokaryotes.

Answer»

Solution :It is difficult to estimate climate diversity of prokaryotes because conventional taxonomic method are not SUITABLE for identifying microbial SPECIES. Many of these species cannot be cultured under LABORATORY CONDITIONS. Biochemical & molecular biology techniques would put their diversity into millions.
Discussion
14045.

Question : List the causative agent, mode of transmission and symptoms for Diphtheria and Typhoid.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
14046.

Question :"It is dangerous to take drugs without prescription of a doctor at early months of pregnancy". Comment on this statement.

Answer»

Solution :DRUGS MAY CAUSE TERATOGENIC effect
Mention about Teratogens
Rudimentary development of organs
Malformed EMBRYO
Discussion
14047.

Question : List the attributes that populations possess but not individuals.

Answer»

Solution :Population density, Natality or BIRTH RATE, Mortality or death rate, Population growth, Sex RATIO, Age DISTRIBUTION .
Discussion
14048.

Question : It is considered as connecting link between ape and man.

Answer»

RAMAPITHECUS
Aegyptopithecus
KENYAPITHECUS
Australiopithecus

Solution :Australiopithecus
Discussion
14049.

Question : List the benefits of transgenic plant.

Answer»

Solution :Benefits of transgenic animals
(i) NORMAL physiology and development : Transgenic animals are used to study how genes are REGULATED and how they affect the normal body functions and its development.
(ii) Study of disease : Transgenic animals help for investigation of new treatments for human diseases.
Ex: Transgenic models for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer.s.
(iii) Biological products : Some medicines contain biological products but they are often expensive. Transgenic animals are used to produce useful biological products by introducing genes which CODES for a particular product.
Ex: Human protein used to treat empbysema products for treatment of Phenylketonuria and cystic fibrosis.
(iv) Vaccine safety testing : Transgenic mice are used to TEST the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. Transgenic mice are used to test the safety of the polio vaccine.
(v) Chemical safety testing : Transgenic animals are made to carry genes which make them more SENSITIVE to toxic substaneces. They are exposed to the toxic substances and the effects studied.
Discussion
14050.

Question : It is called Accelerated Eutrophication :

Answer»

Harmful effect of pollution
Destruction of FISH in aquatic habitat.
ADDITION of industrial waste in aquatic habitat.
Pollutant addition ACCELERATES the aging process. 

ANSWER :D
Discussion