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1801.

Question : What is sequence in the volution of mammals?

Answer»

Fish-amphibian-bird-mammals
Insect-fish bird-mammals
Fish-amphbian-reptile-mammals
Fish-amphibians-repitle-bird-mammals

Answer :3
Discussion
1802.

Question : What issenescence of a water body?

Answer»

Solution :Filling up of a WATER BODY (lake or pond) by accumulation of silt and DECAYING organic MATTER is called senescence.
Discussion
1803.

Question : What is self-incompatibility?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Self-incompatibility is observed on some flowers where the pollen GRAINS from a flower FAIL to germinae on the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.
Discussion
1804.

Question : What is self-incompatibility ? Why does self pollination not lead to seed formation in self incompatible species?

Answer»

SOLUTION :This is a genetic mechanism and PREVENTS self POLLEN from fertilising the ovules by inhibiting pollen GERMINATION or pollen TUBE grwothh in the pistil
Discussion
1805.

Question : What is self incompatibliky?

Answer»

SOLUTION :It is the inability of a plant producing FUNCTIONAL male and FEMALE gametes to produce FERTILE offspring when self POLLINATED.
Discussion
1806.

Question : What is self incompatibility ? Why does self -pollination not lead to seed formation in self -incompatible species ?

Answer»

Solution :In some flowers the POLLEN grains do not GERMINATE on the PISTIL of same flower . This is called self INCOMPATIBILITY . In such cases the pollen grains do not germinate and produce male gametes and hence fertilisation does not occur . So seeds are not produced in self INCOMPATIBLE flowers
Discussion
1807.

Question : What is self-incompatibility ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :It is a genetic MECHANISM which prevents self-pollen from FERTILISING the OVULES by inhibiting pollen GERMINATION or pollen tube growth in the pistil.
Discussion
1808.

Question : What is seed bank from the following ?

Answer»

LARGE storage of SEEDS.
SALE centre of seed.
The seed samples are often large enough to cover the WHOLE SPECTRUM of variations.
None

Solution :The seed samples are often large enough to cover the whole spectrum of variations.
Discussion
1809.

Question : What is secondary succession? Give example.

Answer»

Solution :The succession which STARTS in an area where NATURAL BIOTIC COMMUNITIES have been destroyed.
e.g. Burned or cut FOREST
Discussion
1810.

Question : What is seed ball?

Answer»

Solution :Seed ball is an ancient Japanese technique of encasing SEEDS in a mixture of clay and soil humus (also in cow dung) and scattering them on to SUITABLE ground, not planting of trees manually. This method is suitable for barren and degraded lands for tree regeneration and VEGETATION before monsoon PERIOD where the suitable dispersal agents become rare.
Discussion
1811.

Question : What is secondary succession?

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SOLUTION :SUCCESSION that occurs in AREAS that somehow, LOST all the living organisms that EXISTED there.
Discussion
1812.

Question : What is secondary metabolism?

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Solution :Secondary metabolism is a term for pathways and small MOLECULE products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism.
It is ALSO called as specialised metabolism.
It also FACILITATES primary metabolism.
Examples of the products include antibiotics and PIGMENTS.
Discussion
1813.

Question : What is secondary productivity?

Answer»

Solution :SECONDARY productivity is defined as the rate of FORMATION of new organic MATTER by CONSUMERS.
Discussion
1814.

Question : What is scutellum?

Answer»


Answer :SINGLE cotyledon in CARYOPSIS of maine is CALLED scutellum;
Discussion
1815.

Question : What is scutellum ?

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Solution :In a monocot seed, there is a shield-shaped cotyledon CALLED scutellum present towards lateral side of embryonal AXIS. It supplies the GROWING embryo with food MATERIAL absorbed from the ENDOSPERM
Discussion
1816.

Question : What is SCP?

Answer»

Solution :SCP is SINGLE cell PROTEIN which denotes dead and dried cells of MICROBES such as BACTERIA, algae, MOULDS and yeasts.
Discussion
1817.

Question : What is SCP ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :SINGLE CELL protein refers to edible unicellular microorganisms like Spirulina . Protein extraxts from pure or mixed cultures of algae , yeasts , fungi or bacteria may be used as ingredient or as asubstitute for protein rich foods and is suitable for UMAN CONSUMPTION or as animal feed
Discussion
1818.

Question : What is satellite in the chromosome?

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Solution :The short, spherical part of the CHROMOSOME beyond the nucleolar ORGANIZER is called SATELLITE.
Discussion
1819.

Question : What is schizont?

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Solution :Schizont is a ring-like FORM PRODUCED from merozoites inside the erythrocytes of human beings, INFECTED by PLASMODIUM. Schizont again FORMS new merozoites.
Discussion
1820.

Question : What is satellite DNA in a genome ? Explain their role in DNA fingerprinting .

Answer»

SOLUTION :Satellite DNA refers to the bulk of the GENOMIC DNA , whose SEQUENCE do not code for proteins , but forms major peaks during density gradient centrifugation . It is of TWO types .
(i) Microsatellite DNA
(ii) Mini-satellite DNA
The sequence of satellite DNA show high degree of polymorphism.
Since DNA from every tissue of an individual shows the same degree of polymorphism , it forms the basis of DNA fingerprinting . Since the polymorphism is also inherited by children from the parents , it helps in paternity testing in dispute cases .
Discussion
1821.

Question : What is Sanctuaries ?

Answer»

It is an area reserved for the conservation of animals.
In it harvesting timber, collection of minor FOREST PRODUCT.
PRIVATE ownership rights are allowed with the condition that they do not affect the animals ADVERSELY.
All GIVEN

Solution :All given
Discussion
1822.

Question : What is saltation?

Answer»

Solution :Single STEP LARGE mutation believed to be the major cause of evolution by Hugo de vries is called SALTATION.
Discussion
1823.

Question : What is S-D Sequence?

Answer»

Solution :The 5. end of the mRNA of prokaryotes has a SPECIAL sequence which precedes the initial AUG stat codon of mRNA. This ribosome binding site is called the SHINE Dalgarno sequence or S-D sequence. This sequences base-pairs with a region of the 16Sr RNA of the small RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT facilitating initiation.
Discussion
1824.

Question : What is RNA primer?

Answer»

Solution :It is short SEGMENT of RNA nucleotides.The primer is synthersized by the DNA templete close to the origin of replication SITE.
Discussion
1825.

Question : What is RNA interference ?

Answer»

Solution :RNA interference is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation . This is done by neutralising targeted MRNA molecules.
A simplified model for the RNAI pathway is based o two steps, each involving RIBONUCLEASE enzyme . In the first step , the trigger RNA (either dsRNA or miRNA primary transcript ) is processed into a short interfering RNA (siRNA) by the RNase II enzymes called Dicer and Drosha . In the SECOND step , siRNAs are loaded into the effectors complex RNA - INDUCED silencing complex (RISC) . The siRNA is unwound during RISC assembly and the single - stranded RNA hybridiezed with mRNA target . This RNAi is seen in plant feeding nematodes.
Discussion
1826.

Question : What is 'RNA' ? Explain different types of non-genetic RNA with diagrams and functions.

Answer»

Solution :RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is a type of nucleic acid found in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm.
Non-genetic RNA : It is MAINLY involved in protein. There are three different types of non-genetic RNA as follows :
(a) Messenger RNA (m-RNA) :
(i) It is produced on the DNA strand inside nucleus by a process called transcription and then transferred to cytoplasm.
(ii) It is called messenger RNA because it carries message for protein synthesis from DNA to the ribosomes in the form of codons.
(iii) It constitutes about `3-5%` of the total RNA content of the cell.
(iv) Molecular weight of an average size m-RNA is about 5,00,000.
(v) It is always SINGLE stranded, linear and straight (unfolded).
(vi) It has two ends as 5' end and 3' end. At 5' end it bears a cap of methylated guanine. This cap is followed by initiation codon and at 3' end are present many adenine type nucleotides.
(vii) A triplet of nucleotides on m-RNA is called codon.
(viii) Each codon on m-RNA specifies one amino acid. This is called m-RNA language or genetic code or cryptogram.
(ix) The codon present at 5' end of m-RNA is called initiation codon or start codon. The common initiation codon is AUG or in some cases GUG.
(x) The codon present at 3' end is called termination codon or stop codon or non-sense codon. The termination codon may be UAA or UAG or UGA.
Function of m-RNA :
(i) It carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
(ii) The genetic code of m-RNA gets translated into the sequences of amino acids to form proteins.
(B) Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA):
(i) It is present in ribosomes, hence, the name ribosomal RNA.
(ii) It CONSISTS of a single strand. The single strand is folded upon itself in certain region.
(iii) In folded regions, complementary base pairing occurs while in unfolded region it is absent.
Function of r-RNA :
(i) It provides proper binding sites for m-RNA on the ribosomes.
(ii) It orients m-RNA molecule in such a way that all the codons are properly read.
(iii) It releases t-RNA molecules after transfer of ACTIVATED amino acid to polypeptide chain.
(iv) It also protects the proteins molecule under construction.
(v) It also protects m-RNA from RNA Ase enzyme.
(c) Transfer (t-RNA) or Soluble RNA (s-RNA) :
(i) It is the smallest of the three types of nongenetic RNA.
(ii) It transfers activated amino acid to the site of protein synthesis. Hence, it is called transfer RNA.
(iii) It is also called soluble RNA as these molecules cannot be separated from cytoplasm even by ultra centrifuge technique.

t-RNA structure
Discussion
1827.

Question : What is RNA interference? How does RNA interference helps to develop resistance in tobacco plant against Nematode infection?

Answer»

Solution :The silencing of specific m-RNA due to a complementary ds RNA molecule that binds and PREVENTS translation of m-RNA is called RNA interference.
A nematode Meloidegyne incognitia infects the roots of tobacco plants and reduce their yield. Nematode specific GENES were introduced into the host plant using Agrobacterium vectors. The introduced DNA produces both sense and antisense RNA in the host cells.
These two RNAs being complimentory to each other formed a DOUBLE standard RNA (ds. RNA) that INITIATES RNA i and SILENCED the specific mRNA of the nematode.
The parasite could not survive in a transgenic host and the transgenic host and the transgenic plant got itself protected from the parasite.
Discussion
1828.

Question : What is RNA editing?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Chemical modification such as BASE modification, nucleotide INSERTION or deletions and nucleotide replacements of mRNA results in the ALTERATION of amino acid sequence of protein that is specified is called RNA editing. This results in the change in the protein coding sequence of RNA following transcription. The coding PROPERTIES of the RNA transcript is changed.
Discussion
1829.

Question :What is Rhizopus nigricans ?

Answer»

bacteria
virus
algae
FUNGI

SOLUTION :fungi
Discussion
1830.

Question : An example of Restriction Endonuclease______

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Solution :A restriction enzyme or restriction ENDONUCLEASE is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific RECOGNITION sites WITHIN the molecule KNOWN as restriction sites.
Discussion
1831.

Question : Restriction digestion.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Restriction DIGESTION is the PROCESS in which the enzyme restriction endonuclease cuts the DNA molecule at the specific locations FORMING the fragments of DNA of variable length.
Discussion
1832.

Question : What is reproductively healthy society ? List two measures taken to maintain a reproductively healthy society.

Answer»

Solution : (i) A reproductively healthy society is a society with people having physically and functionally NORMAL reproductive organs and normal, EMOTIONAL and BEHAVIORAL interactions in all sex-related aspects. (ii) Measures TAKEN: (a) Imposing a statutory ban on amniocentesis to check increasing female foeticide. (b) MTP was legalised in 1971 to DECREASE the population size.
Discussion
1833.

Question : What is resource partitioning? Give example.

Answer»

SOLUTION :If two species complete for the same resources they could avoid competition by CHOOSING DIFFERENT times for feeding or different patterns foraging. This is called resource partitioning. This a mechainsm developed for co-exisence rather than exclusion.
e.g. Mac ARTHUR showed that five closely related species of warblers living on the same tree were able to avoid competition and promote co-existence due to BEHAVIOURAL differece in their foraging activities.
Discussion
1834.

Question : What is replication fork?

Answer»

Solution :(i) During DNA replication, replication fork is the site (POINT of unwinding) of separation of parental DNA strands where new daughter strands are formed. Multiple replication forks are found in eukaryotes.
(ii) The ENZYME helicases are involved in unwinding of DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds holding the two strands of DNA and replication protein A (RPA) PREVENTS the SEPARATED polynucleotide strand from getting reattached.
Discussion
1835.

Question : What is replacement rate?

Answer»

SOLUTION :PRODUCTION of average number of children per COUPLE which will just replace the PARENTS.
Discussion
1836.

Question : What is renal fascia?

Answer»

Solution :The outer covering of the ADIPOSE capsule is made of tough FIBROUS connective tissue which lies on the kidney is called renal FASCIA.
Discussion
1837.

Question : What is Reforestation?

Answer»

Solution :It is a PROCESS of restroring a FOREST that once EXISTED but was REMOVED at some point of time in the past.
Discussion
1838.

Question : What is redifferentiation?

Answer»

Solution :In tissue culture, when the COMPONENT cells of CALLUS have the ability to FORM a whole plant in a NUTRIENT medium, the phenomenon is called
REDIFFERENTIATION
Discussion
1839.

Question : What is Red list? How many categories of species are mentioned in Red list?

Answer»

Solution :Red list or Red DATA BOOK is a catalogue of TAXA facing risk of extinction. It has 8 categories of species.
Discussion
1840.

Question : What is Red Data Book ?

Answer»

Solution :The Red data BOOK is a compilation of data on SPECIES THREATENED with extinction. It is MAINTAINED by IUCN.
Discussion
1841.

Question : Define recombination frequency.

Answer»

SOLUTION :The percentage of recombinant PROGENY in a cross is called recombination frequency. The recombination frequency (cross over frequency) (RF) is calculated by using the FOLLOWING formula.
`RF= ("Number of recombinations")/("Number of off SPRINGS")XX100`
Discussion
1842.

Question : The most widely accepted model of DNA is the ______ structure.

Answer»

Solution :Crossing over results in the formation of new combination of characters in an PRODUCE new combination of ALLELES. This process is called RECOMBINATION.
The widely accepted MODEL of DNA recombination during crossing over is holiday.s hybrid DNA model.
Discussion
1843.

Question : What is recombination?

Answer»

Solution :(i) CROSSING over results in the formation of new combination of CHARACTERS in an organism called recombinants.
(ii) In this, segments of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new COMBINATIONS of alleles.
(iii) This process is called Recombination.
Discussion
1844.

Question : What is recombination ? Discuss the applications of recombination from the point of view of genetic engineering.

Answer»

SOLUTION :The FORMATION of new combinations of genes, either by crossing over or independent assortment is called recombination. Alfred STURTEVANT used the frequency of recombination between gene pairs on the same CHROMOSOME as a measure of the distance between genes and .mapped their position on the chromosome. Today genetic maps are extensively used as a starting point in the sequencing of WHOLE genomes as was done in the case of the Human Genome Sequencing Project.
Discussion
1845.

Question :What is recombinant DNA vaccine? Give two examples.

Answer»

Solution :RECOMBINANT DNA vaccines are immunogenic PROTEINS or other biochemicals which initiate DEVELOPMENT of antibodies against some infectious diseases and are developed with the help of recombinant DNA. EXAMPLES: Vaccine against Hepatitis B, Influenza B and Meningitis.
Discussion
1846.

Question : What is recombinant DNA?

Answer»

DNA in which RNA is integrated
DNA which is obtained by transcription of RNA
DNA which is INSERTED into a newly RECONSTRUCTED cell
DNA which contains ALIEN genes i.e. genes from more than ONE source organism

Answer :D
Discussion
1847.

Question : What is RCH program ? What are their goals?

Answer»

Solution :1. RCH means Reproductive and Child Health CARE.
2. In ORDER to attain total reproductive health as a social goal, Government of India started family planning programmes in 1951.
3. RCH programmes are the extensions of the similar activity wherein improved programmes COVERING wider areas in REPRODUCTION are undertaken.
4. Goals of RCH are as follows:
(i) To create awareness among the people about various reproduction related aspects.
(ii) To provide facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy society.
Discussion
1848.

Question : What is 'r' in the population equation given : dN/dt = rN

Answer»

SOLUTION : 'r' is CALLED intrinsic RATE of NATURAL INCREASE.
Discussion
1849.

Question : What is quantasome?

Answer»

SOLUTION :A QUANTASOME is a photosynthetic unit where the photosynthetic PIGMENTS are located.
Discussion
1850.

Question : Define quantitative genetics.

Answer»

Solution :It deals with HEREDITY of TRAITS in groups of individuals where the traits are GOVERNED by many genes simultaneously.
Discussion