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1851.

Question : What is Pygmalion corpuscle?

Answer»

SOLUTION :BOWMAN's capsule ALONG with glomerulus is CALLED Pygmalion corpuscle.
Discussion
1852.

Question : What is a pyramid?

Answer»

SOLUTION :A graphical REPRESENTATION of the amount of organic material (BIOMASS) present at each successive trophic LEVEL in an ecosystem is called pyramid of biomass.
Discussion
1853.

Question : What is Q_(10) value? How it is calculated?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The effect of temperature on the rate of reaction is EXPRESSED in terms of temperature coefficient or `Q_(10)` value. The `Q_(10)` VALUES are estimated taking the RATIO between the rate of reaction at `X^@C` and rate of reaction at `(X-10^@C). `
Discussion
1854.

Question : What is Pulse Polio Programme of Government of India ? What is OPV? Why is it that India is yet to eradicate Polio ?

Answer»

Solution :Pulse Polio is an immunisation campaign established by the government of India to eliminate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating all CHILDREN under the age of five years against the polio virus.
The project fights poliomyelitis through a largescale pulse vaccination programme and monitoring for polio cases.
In 1995, following the Global Polio Eradication Initiative of the World Health Organization (1988), India launched Pulse Polio immunisation program with Universal Immunization Program which AIMED at 100% coverage.
The last reported cases of wild polio in India were in West Bengal and Gujarat on 13 January 2011. On 27 March 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared India a polio free country, SINCE no cases of wild polio had been reported in for three years.
Polio vaccines are the vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio).
One type uses inactivated poliovirus and is given by injection (IPV).
While the other type uses weakened poliovirus and is given by mouth (OPV).
The World Health Organization recommends all children be VACCINATED against polio.
The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world.
The oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin and came into commercial use in 1961.
Discussion
1855.

Question : What is pulse polio programme of Government of India? What is OPV? Why is it that India is yet to eradicate polio?

Answer»

Solution :Pulse polio is an immunisationcampaignestablishedby the Government of India in 1995-96 to eradicatepoliomyelitis(polio) in India by vaccinatingall children under the age of five years orally against polio virus.
This project deals with the ways to fight poliomyelitis through a large scale immunisation programme,co-operating with various international institutions, state governments and Non-Governmental Organisations. In 1995, following the polio eradication initiative of World Health Organisation (1988), India launched Pulse Polio ImmunisationProgram along with Universal ImmunisationProgram which aimed at 100% coverage.
Having mate on unprecedented progress in polio eradication, India is now GEARING up to be declaredpolio free by 2014 by guardingitself against the import of polio virus from neighbouringcountriesand by boosting routine immunisation.
Oral Polio Vaccine
Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) is alive-attenuated vaccine, produced by the passage of the virus through non-human cells at asub-physiologicaltemperature, whichproduces spontaneousmutationsin the viral genome.
OPV also proved to be superior in administration, , eliminatingthe need for sterile syringesand making the vaccine more suitablefor mass vaccination campaigns. OPV also provides long lasting immunity than the salk vaccine.
One dose of OPV produces immunityto all three poliovirus serotypesin approximately 50%of recipients . India is yet to ERADICATE polio because inspite of many initiaves taken by government, few CASES has been reported.
The last reported cases of polio in India was in West Bengal and Gujarat on 13 January 2011. Earlierthis year, the World Health Organisation(WHO) had removed India from the list of polio-endemiccountries. If no fresh case is reported TILL 2014, the country will be declaredpolio free.
July 30, 2013 a nine-month old boy from Navi Mumbai has been found positive for Vaccine-DerivedPolio-Virus (VDPV) type 2 and was on ventilatorat BJ Wadia Hospital in Parel. This is the fourth such case recorded in the country that year.
In India the main obstaclein the eradicationof polio had been the refusal of polio vaccine by certain communities on account of illiteracy and misinformation .
Discussion
1856.

Question : What is PUC certificate mandatory for all vehicles?

Answer»

Solution :PUC CERTIFICATE is mandatory for all the VEHICLES because it helps to CHECK the air pollution.
Discussion
1857.

Question : What is pseudo cereal? Give an example.

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Solution :The TERM pseudo-cereal is used to describe FOODS that are prepared and eaten as a whole grain, but are BOTANICAL outliers from GRASSES. EXAMPLE: quinoa. It is actually a seed from the Chenopodium quinoa plant, belongs to the family Amaranthaceae.
Discussion
1858.

Question : What is protoplast fusion ?

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SOLUTION :The ABILITY of protoplasts OBTAINED from two different cells to fuse and form a HYBRID protoplast is CALLED protoplast fusion.
Discussion
1859.

Question : What is protobiogenesis?

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Solution :The origin of LIFE on the EARTH is CALLED PROTOBIOGENESIS.
Discussion
1860.

Question : What is promeristem ?

Answer»


ANSWER :MERISTEM of EMBRYO
Discussion
1861.

Question : What is produced when a sperm fertilizes as ovum ?

Answer»


ANSWER :ZYGOTE
Discussion
1862.

Question : What is productivity?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The RATE of biomass or organic matter produced during a GIVEN period of time is called produuctivity.
Discussion
1863.

Question : What is produced through the yeast Monascus purpureus?(A) Statins(B) Hydroxyprojesteron(C) Cyclosporin A(D) Streptokinase

Answer»

STATINS
Hydroxyprojesteron
Cyclosporin A
Streptokinase

SOLUTION :Statins
Discussion
1864.

Question : What is produced by sensitized helper T-cells ?

Answer»

Adrenaline
Perforin
Lysozyme
Lymphokine

Answer :D
Discussion
1865.

Question : What is primary productivity ? Give brief description of factors that affect primary productivity.

Answer»

Solution :The amount of biomass or organic matter produced per unit area over a time period by plants during PHOTOSYNTHESIS is called primary productivity.
Factors affecting them are as follow :
(a) Sunlight : Sunlight is seen more in tropical regions. While sunlight is less in polar regions so there is more productivity in tropical regions than polar regions.
(b) Temperature : Due to cold atmosphere of WINTER, there is more productivity in tropical regions than in temperate forest.
(C) Nutrients : The presence of proper amount of nutrients are NECESSARY for growth of plants and productivity of ecosystem.
Discussion
1866.

Question : What is primary succession? Give example.

Answer»

SOLUTION :SUCCESSION which starts in an area where no living ORGANISM ever EXISTED. Succession starts from BARE rock, newly cooled lava, newly created ponds or reservoir.
Discussion
1867.

Question : What is primary succession?

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Solution :The development of plant community in a barren area where no community EXISTED before is called primary succession. The plants which colonive FIRST in a harren area is called pioneer species or primary community or primary colonies. Generally, Primary succession takes a very long time for the OCCURRENCE in any region.
Example: Microbes, LICHEN and MOSSES.
Discussion
1868.

Question : What is primary productivity ? Give a brief description of the factors that affect primary productivity .

Answer»

Solution :PRIMARY productivity refers to the rate of production of biomss or ORGANIC matter per unit area over a time PERIOD by the producers in an ecosystem .
Varius factors which affect primary productivity include light , temperature , WATER , nutrients ect . In deserts , sunlight is abundant but water is scarce or nutrients are LACKING . Therefore , in such areas water is scarce or nutrients are lacking . Therefore , in such areas water and nutrient supply become the limiting factor . Productivity increases from polar regions towards the tropics because of the increasing sunlight and temperature .
Discussion
1869.

Question : What is present in the saliva of Anopheles mosquito ?(A) Sporozoites(B) Cryotomerozoites(C) Metacryptoschizont(D) Trophozoite

Answer»

SPOROZOITES
Cryotomerozoites
Metacryptoschizont
TROPHOZOITE

SOLUTION :Sporozoites
Discussion
1870.

Question : What is prepared with the help of propioni bacterium ?(A) Swiss Cheese(B) Curd(C) Roque fort cheese(D) Butter

Answer»

SWISS CHEESE
Curd
Roque FORT cheese
BUTTER

SOLUTION :Swiss Cheese
Discussion
1871.

Question : What is pre fertillization events ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :This is FIRST phase and it occurs before FERTILIZATION.
It INVOLVES gametogenesis and gamete transfer.
Discussion
1872.

Question : What is poultry? Mention two important components of paultry farm management?

Answer»

SOLUTION :a) The domesticated fowls (BIRDS used for food or for their eggs are called poultry)
b) It includes chicken, duck, turkey and geese
c) The important parameters of poultry FARM management are
SELECTION of disease free, suitable breeds
Proper and SAFE conditions of farm
Proper food and water
Hygiene and health care of the birds
Discussion
1873.

Question : What is population growth? Explain factors responsible for fluctuating population density.

Answer»

Solution :Population growth : The size of population of any species in not a static parameter. It keeps on changing with time, depending on various factors such as availability of food, PREDATION pressure and PREVAILING weather. Such changes give some idea of what is happening to the population, WHETHER it is increasing or decreasing. Though a number of factors affect population size, the density of a population in a given habitat during a given PERIOD, fluctuates due to four basic processes-natality, mortality, immigration and emigration. The population density is the number of individuals of a species per unit area/space at a given time. MATHEMATICALLY population density is expressed as :
`D=(N )/(S )`
where, D stands for the population density, N denotes the number of individuals of a species at a specific time and S represents the number of units of the space.
(i) Natality : It refers to the number of births during a given period in the population that are added to the initial density.
(ii) Mortality : It is the number of deaths in the population during a given period.
(iii) Immigration : It is the number of individuals of the same species that have come into the habitat from elsewhere during the time period under consideration.
(iv) Emigration : It is the number of individuals of the same species Immigrationwho have left the habitat and gone elsewhere during the time period under consideration. Natality and immigration contribute to an increase in population density, while mortality and emigration to a decrease.

Therefore, population growth or change in the size of population in a given time is determined by the above factors. Change in population size = (Total Birth + Immigration ) - (Total Death + Emigration)
If N is the population density at time t, then its density at time
`t+1 `is
` N_(t+1) =N_t +[(B+1)-(D+E)]`
Discussion
1874.

Question : What is population?

Answer»

Solution :A GROUP of individuals belonging to the same species WITHIN an ecosystem is KNOWN as population.
Discussion
1875.

Question : What is population explosion?

Answer»

SOLUTION :RAPID GROWTH RATE of a POPULATION
Discussion
1876.

Question : Define population genetics.

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Solution :It deals with HEREDITY in GROUPS of individuals for TRAITS which determined by a few GENES.
Discussion
1877.

Question : What is pomato?

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Solution :It is a SOMATIC HYBRID PRODUCED by somatic hybridisation between tomato and POTATO.
Discussion
1878.

Question : What is polyploidy?

Answer»

Solution :POLYPLOIDY is a condition in which an ORGANISM has more than two complete SETS of chromosomes.
Discussion
1879.

Question : What is polymerase chain reaction? Name the bacterium from which the polymerase enzyme used in this technique is obtained. Write the schematic representation of this technique.

Answer»

Solution :
POLYMERASE CHAIN reaction- In this reaction, multiple copies of the gene (or DNA) of interest is SYNTHESISED in vitro using two sets of primers (SMALL chemically synthesised oligo NUCLEOTIDES that are complementary-to the regions of DNA) and the enzyme DNA polymerase.
Polymerase enzyme is obtained from a bacterium Thermus aquaticus.
Discussion
1880.

Question : What is polymerase chain reaction?

Answer»

Solution :The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a reaction in which amplification of SPECIFIC DNA sequence is carried out in VITRO.
Discussion
1881.

Question : Explain polygenic inheritance with an example.

Answer»

SOLUTION :A group of GENES that TOGETHER determine a characters of a N organism is CALLED polygenic.
Example: Kernel,colour in wheat.
Discussion
1882.

Question : What is polyblend ? Why did the plastic manufacturers think of producing it ? Write its usefulness.

Answer»

Solution : Poiyblend is a fine powder of recycled modified plastic. Polyblend was PRODUCED to recycle plastic WASTE. When BLENDED with bitumen, polyblend can be USED to lay roads that have increased road life.
Discussion
1883.

Question : What is polyembryony and how can it be commercially exploited?

Answer»

Solution :OCCURRENCE of more than one embryo in a seed is REFERRED to as polyembryony. In may citrus and mangovarieties some of the nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac start DIVIDING, PROTRUDE into embryo sac and develop into the embryos. In such species each OVULE contain many embryos. Polyembryony plays a major role is in-breeding plant and horticulture. The plants obtained from this embryo are without virus and grow very fast. Many food grain and vegetable crops are grown in large amount and these hybrid crops have higher productivity.
Discussion
1884.

Question : What is polyblend?

Answer»

Solution :Polyblend is a fine powder of recycled modified WASTE from plastic. It can be used by MIXING with bitumen to INCREASE the ROAD life. Polyblend can enhance bitumen's water REPELLANT properties.
Discussion
1885.

Question : What is pollination? Mention any four features of wind pollinated flowers.

Answer»

Solution :TRANSFER of pollen grains to the stigma of a pistil is termed as pollination.
Features of wind pollinated FLOWERS
(i) Pollen grains are light and non-sticky.
(II) Well exposed stamens for easy dispersal by wind.
(iii) The stigma is sticky, large and FEATHERY to trap pollen grains in the AIR.
(iv) Numerous flowers are packed together to form inflorescence.
Discussion
1886.

Question : What is pollination? Describe its types

Answer»

SOLUTION :Male and female gemates in flowering plants are produced in the pollen grain and embryo sac respectively. As both types of GAMETES are non motile they have to be brought together for fertilisation to occur. Pollination is the mechanism to achieve this objective. Transfer of pollen grains (shed from the anther) to the stigma of a pistil is TERMED as pollination. Flowering plants have evolved an amazing array of adaptations to achieve pollination. Kinds of pollination: Depending on the source of pollen, pollination can be divided into three types: (a) Autogamy (b) Geitonogamy ( c) Xenogamy.
(a) Autogamy: In this type pollination is achieved within the same flower. Here there is transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. In a normal flower which opends and exposes the anthers and the stigma, complete autogamy is rather rare. Autogamy in such flowers requires synchrony in pollen released and stigma receptivity and also, the anthers and the stigma shoudl lie close to each other so that self pollination can occur. Autogamy normally becomes possible in bisexual flowers.

In flowers possessing autogamy anther and stigma, both mature at the same time. So pollination becomes possible eg. In Apeaceac, Lameacea and cacateceac family self pollination TAKES place. DUe to movement of style, stigma comes near to anther.
Chasmogamous flowers and cleistogamous flowerss: Some plants such as viola (common Pansy), oxalis and commelina produce two types of flowers.
(i) Chasmogamous flowers: These flowers are similar to flowers of other species with exposed anthers and stigma, eg.g commelina.
(ii) Cleistogamous: These flowers do not open at all. In such flowers the anthers and stigma lie close to each other. When anthers dehisce in the flower buds. Pollen grains come in contact with the stigma to effect pollination. Thus cleistogamous flowers are invariably autogamous as there is no chance of crosss-pollen landing on the stigma. Cleistogamous flowers produce assured seed set even in the absence of pollinators

(b) Geltonogamy: Here there is transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant. Although geitonogamy is functionally cross-pollination involving a pollinating agents, genetically it is similar to autogamy since the pollen grains come from the same plant.
(c ) Xenogamy: Here there is transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a different plant. This is the only type of pollination which during pollination brings genetically different types of pollen grains to the stigma. Cross pollination which occurs in species is called xenogamy. This is such type of pollination which brings genetically different types of pollen grains to the stigma. The offsprings produced by this become hybrid. Cross pollination is possible only in UNISEXUAL flowers. Due to cross pollination, cross fertilation takes place and advantages of genetic recombination is obtained
Discussion
1887.

Question : What is pollen pistil interaction ?

Answer»

Solution :The events from pollen DEPOSITION on the STIGMA to the entry of pollen tube in to the OVULE is called pollen - Pistil interaction . It is a dynamic process which involves recognition of pollen and to promote or inhibit its germination and GROWTH.
Discussion
1888.

Question : What is point mutation ? Give one example.

Answer»

Solution :Point mutation arises due to change in SINGLE BASE pair of DNA.
=Example : Sickle-cell anaemia - caused by the substitution of GLUTAMIC acid by Valine at the sixth POSITION of beta globin chain of the haemoglobin.
Discussion
1889.

Question :What is pollen grain ?

Answer»

Microspore mother CELL
MALE GAMETE
Male gametophyte
Partially DEVELOPED embryo

Answer :C
Discussion
1890.

Question : What is ploidy level of endosperm in Angiosperms?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The PLOIDY LEVEL of endosperm in Angiosperms is TRIPLOID.
Discussion
1891.

Question : What is PNDT Act of 1996?

Answer»

Solution :PNDT Act is the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (REGULATION and PREVENTION of Misuse) Act. ACCORDING to this act, prenatal sex determination of FOETUS is banned.
Discussion
1892.

Question : What is PMNL ?

Answer»

PHYSICAL BARRIER
Physiological barrier
CELLULAR barrier
Cytokine barrier

SOLUTION :Cellular barrier
Discussion
1893.

Question : What is ploidy?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The CHROMOSOME number of SOMATIC cells changes due to addition or elimination of individual chromosome or basic set of chromosomes. This condition in known as unmerical CHROMOSOMAL aberration or PLOIDY.
Discussion
1894.

Question : What is plastidome?

Answer»

Solution :CIRCULAR, closed, NAKED RING of DNA present in chloroplast is called plastidome.
Discussion
1895.

Question : What is plasmid ?(A) Bacterial linear double stranded DNA(B) Extrachromosomal linear RNA(C) Extrachromosomal circular DNA(D) Autonomously replicating circular DNA

Answer»

Bacterial, LINEAR, dsDNA
Extrachromosomal linear RNA.
Extrachromosomal CIRCULAR ds DNA.
AUTONOMOUSLY replicating circular RNA.

Solution :Extrachromosomal circular ds DNA.
Discussion
1896.

Question : What is plankton?

Answer»

SEA scum
Layer of aquatics
Floating vegetation
Floating microscopic PLANTS and animals

Solution :Plankton comprises microscopic drifting organisms in oceans, lakes and RIVERS.
Discussion
1897.

Question : What is placenta? Give information about hormones producing from the placenta.

Answer»

Solution :After implantation, finger-like projections appear on the trophoblast called chorionic villi which are surrounded by the uterine tissue and material blood.
The chorionic villi and uterine tissue become interdigitated with each other and jointly form a structure and functional unit between developing and embryo (foetus) and maternal body called placenta.
Function of placenta : The placenta facilitate the supply of oxygen and NUTRIENTS to the embryo.
It also facilitate the removal of carbon dioxide and EXCRETORY material produced by the embryo.
The placenta is connectedto the embryo through an umbilical cord which helps in the transport of substances to and from the embryo.
Hormones produced from placenta : Placenta also acts an endocrine tissue and produces several hormones like,
(i) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
(ii) Human placental lactogen (hPL)
(iii) ESTROGENS
(iv) Progestogens
(v) In the later phase of pregnancy a hormone called relaxin is also secreted by ovary.
(vi) hCG, hPL and relaxin are produced in women only during pregnancy.
(vii) During pregnancy the levels of other hormones like estrogens, progestogens, cortisol, prolactin, thyroxine etc. are increased.
These hormones are essential for supporting the fetal growth, METABOLIC changes in the mother and maintenance of pregnancy.
Discussion
1898.

Question : What is placenta?

Answer»

Solution :Placenta is a temporary endocrine ORGAN formed during pregnancy and it connects the foetus to the UTERINE wall through the umbilical cord. It is the organ by which the nutritive, RESPIRATORY and EXCRETORY FUNCTIONS are fulfilled.
Discussion
1899.

Question : What are polyploids ? Mention its nature.

Answer»

Solution :MAJORITY of flowering plants are diploid (2n). The plants which possess more than two sets of choromosome are called polyploids. Polyploid often exhibit INCREASED HYBRID vigour, increased heterozygosity, increase the tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses and buffering of DELETERIOUS mutations.
Discussion
1900.

Question : What is Phytoremediation?

Answer»

Solution :Phytoremediation refers to the USING of living green plants to overcome soil or water CONTAMINATION. E.g: Growing EICHHORNIA in cadmium ENRICHED soil reduces the level of cadmium.
Discussion