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2051.	Question : What is legally wrong in the us patent law?
Answer» Solution :It DOESNOT recongnize technologies and METHODS in use inother COUNTRIES as PRIOR art

2052.	Question : What is leaching?
Answer» Solution :The process by which WATER SOLUBLE ignorganic nuterients go down into the soil horizon and GETS precipitated as SALTS is called LEACHING.

2053.	Question : What is leaching in decomposition?
Answer» SOLUTION :It is a main PROCESS of decomposition in which the water SOLUBLE inorganic nurient present in detritus goes down into SOIL HORIZON.

2054.	Question : What is LacZ?
Answer» SOLUTION :Bule-White COLONY selection method is used for screening of recombinant plasmid . In this method , a reporter gene LacZ is inserted in the vector. The lacZ ENCODES the enzyme ` beta ` - GALACTOSIDASE and contains SEVERAL recognition sites for restriction enzyme .

2055.	Question : What is lactation?
Answer» Solution :LACTATION is the process of secretion of MILK from mammary GLANDS after PARTURITION.

2056.	Question : What is known as 'gene taxi' ?
Answer» VACCINE PLASMID BACTERIA PROTOZOA SOLUTION :Plasmid

2057.	Question : What is keystone species ?
Answer» A COMMON species that has plenty of biomass, yet has a FAIRLY low IMPACT on the community's organisation. A RARE species that has minimal impact on the biomass and no other species in the community. A dominant species that constitutes a large proportion of the biomass and which effects many other species A species which makes only a small proportion of the total biomass of a community, yet has a huge impact on community's organisation and survival Answer :D

2058.	Question : What is Joint Forest Management (JFM) ?
Answer» Solution :In 1980S the GOVERNMENT of India introduced a CONCEPT, that is called JFM, in which the local community works CLOSELY to protect and manage foret. In return for their service to the forest, the COMMUNITIES get benefits of various forest products and thus the forest can be consreved in sustainable manner.

2059.	Question :What is it that forms the basis of DNA fingerprinting ?
Answer» The relative proportions of purines and pyrimidines in DNA The relative difference in the DNA OCCURRENCE in blood , SKIN and saliva The relative amount of DNA in the ridges and I GROOVES of the fingerprints Satellite DNA occurring as HIGHLY repeated short DNA segments Answer :D

2060.	Question : What is it that forms the basis of DNA Fingerprinting?
Answer» The relative AMOUNT of DNA in the ridges and GROOVES of the fingerprints Satellite DNA occurring as highly repeated short DNA segments The relative proportions of purines and pyrimidines in DNA The relative difference in the DNA occurrence in BLOOD, SKIN and saliva ANSWER :B

2061.	Question : What is invasive species?
Answer» SOLUTION :A non-native species to the ECOSYSTEM or country under consideration that spreads naturallyinterferes with the BIOLOGY and existence of native species, poses a serious threat to theecosystem and CAUSES ECONOMIC loss.

2062.	Question : What is interspecific hybridisation?
Answer» Solution :A cross between INDIVIDUALS of TWO DIFFERENT SPECIES

2063.	Question : Whatis intergenic gene interactions ? Give example.
Answer» Solution :Interlocus INTERACTIONS take PLACE between the allelst at different LOCI i.e. between alleles of different genes . E.g. Dominant EPISTASIS

2064.	Question : What is Integrated Waste Water Treatment?
Answer» Solution :Waste water including sewage can be treated in an integrated WAY, bycombining artificial and natural processes. An example of such an initiative is the town of Arcata, situated along the northern coast of California. The native people in collabaration with Humboldt STATE University created an integrated waste water treatment process within a natural system. The cleaning occurs in two stages : (a) The conventional sedimentation, filtering and chlorine treatments are given. (b) To combat with pollutants like dissolved heavy metals the biologists developed a series of six connected marshes over 60 hectares of marshland where plants, algae, fungi and bacteria were seeded which neutralise, absorb and assimilate the pollutants. As the water flows through the marshes, it gets purified naturally. The marshes also constitute a sanctuary, which is highly diverse in the form of fishes, animals and birds that now reside there. A citizens group called Friends of the Arcata Marsh (FOAM) are responsible for the safety of this project. Ecological sanitation is a sustainable system for managing human excreta, using dry composting toilets. This is a practical, hygienic, efficient and cost-effective solution to human waste disposal. The important PART is that with this composting method, human excreta can be recycled into natural fertiliser There are working .EcoSan. toilets in many areas of Kerala and Sri Lanka

2065.	Question : What is integumentary tapetum ?
Answer» Solution :In ASTERACEAE SPECIES, the inner layer of INTEGUMENT get specialized for NOURISHING the embryosac and this is called INTEGUMENTARY tayetum of endothelium.

2066.	Question : What is insert?
Answer» SOLUTION : Isolation of DNA fragment containing a gene of interest that NEEDS to be cloned is called Insert.

2067.	Question : What is Innate Immunity? Mention any two types of Innate Immunity barriers
Answer» SOLUTION :INNATE immunity is non - specific type of defence which will presenit at the time of birth. The innate immunity barriers are a. Physical barriers b. PHYSIOLOGICAL barriers C. Cellular barriers d. Cytokine barriers

2068.	Question : What is innate immunity?
Answer» SOLUTION :INNATE immunity is the natural phenomenon of RESISTANCE to infection which an individual possesses right from the birth .The innate defense mechanisms are not-specific in the sense that they are effective against a WIDE range of potentially infectious agents.It is otherwise known as non-specific immunity or natural immunity.

2069.	Question : What is inhibin ? State its functions.
Answer» Solution :INHIBIN is a HORMONE SECRETED by Sertoli cells of testes which is involved in the negative feedback control of SPERM production.

2070.	Question : What is infertility? How is infertility treated by assisted reproductive technologies like GIFT and ICSI ?
Answer» Solution :Infertility is when a male & a female are unable to produce children inspite of unprotected sexual co-habitation. Such problems can be ASSISTED by reproductive TECHNOLOGIES like : GIFT : Gamete intra-fallopian transfer Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce ova, but can provide a SUITABLE CONDITIONS for fertilization and further DEVELOPMENT upto parturition. ICSI : Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection It is a procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory in which a sperm is directly injected into the cytoplasm of ovum and embryo transfer is carried out.

2071.	Question : What is Infertility? Give reasons for infertility in female.
Answer» Solution :Inability to conceive or PRODUCE children even after 2 years of UNPROTECTED SEXUAL COHABITATION is called infertility. Reasons: Physical, congenital, diseases, drugs, immunological or even psychological.

2072.	Question : What is infertility ? Explain IVF-ET and ZIFT methods to assist infertile couple to have children,
Answer» Solution :The inability to produce children in spite of unprotected sexual COHABITATION IVF - ET (Invitro fertilization and Embryo transfer) It is also called as test tube baby programme. Ova from the wife or donor female and SPERMS from the husband or donor MALE are collected. Sperms and ova are fertilized in laboratory to form ZYGOTE. Fertilization takes place outside the body of mother. Hence it is called invitro fertilization. The 8 celled embryo could be transferred to the fallopian tube of surrogate mother. ZIFT (Zygote intra fallopian transfer) After invitro fertilization the Zygote is transferred into the fallopian tube.

2073.	Question : What is indicated by R in ECORI ?
Answer» NAME of strain LOCATION of gene Roman Numeral Name of species SOLUTION :Name of strain

2074.	Question : What is indicated by coconut water obtained from fresh green coconut?
Answer» IMMATURE embryo Free nuclear endosperm The innermost LAYER of SEED cost Degenerating nucellus Answer :B

2075.	Question : What is increase in the RBC number called?
Answer» SOLUTION :The increase in the NUMBER of RBCs is called POLYCYTHEMIA.

2076.	Question : What is incorrect for companion cell?
Answer» It is specialised parenchymatous cell It HELPS in MAINTAINING the pressure gradient in the sieve tubes It does not retain nucleus THROUGHOUT the life It is absent in gymnosperms Answer :C

2077.	Question : What is incorrect about the pteridophyta ?
Answer» Wall differentiated with. Vascular TISSUE Small and undifferentiated Gametophytic PHASE (No Suggestions) and free living Answer :A

2078.	Question : What is incorrect about leghaemoglobin?
Answer» Synthesized by host cell Oxygen scavenger It MAKES nodules blue coloured. It REDUCES the ENZYME nitrogenase Answer :C

2079.	Question : What is incomplete doniinance? Explain inheritance f flower colour in snapdragon.
Answer» SOLUTION :The expression of intermediate trait in the hybrid obtained by crossing two pure breeding varieties with CONTRASTING characters is called in complete DOMINANCE. Phenotypic ratio - `underset("red")(1):underset("PINK")(2):underset("white")(1)` Genotypic ratio - `"RR:2Rr:1rr"`

2080.	Question : What is Incomplete parthenogenesis? Explain with example.
Answer» Solution :Incomplete parthenogenesis is a TYPE of reproduction in which both sexual reproduction and parthenogenesis occurs. Example: In honey bees, the fertilized eggs develop into queen BEE and worker bees, whereas the UNFERTILIZED eggs develop into drones (MALE).

2081.	Question : What is incomplete dominance? Explain with examples.
Answer» Solution :"When the alleles are in heterozygous condition, the DOMINANT gene fails to suppress the recessive gene completely and produce a new trait which is different from their parents". The PHENOTYPE of `F_1` generation does not resemble either of the TWO parents and the expression is in between the two. Inheritance of flower colour in the dog flower or snapdragon (Antirrhinum sps.) is a good example for incomplete dominance. In a cross between TRUE breeding RED flowered (RR) plant and true breeding white flowered (rr) plants, the `F_1` hybrids produce pink coloured flowers (Rr). When the `F_1` hybrids are self pollinated (self cross), the `F_2` generation resulted in the ratio of 1:2:1[1Red (RR) : 2 Pink (Rr): 1White (rr)]. Here, the phenotype ratio does not resemble the Mendelian monohybrid cross but the genotype ratio is exactly similar to that of Mendelian monohybrid cross.

2082.	Question : What is incomplete dominance? Explain inheritance of flower colour in snapdragon
Answer» Solution :"When the alleles are in HETEROZYGOUS condition, the dominant gene fails to suppress the recessive gene completely and produce a new trait which is DIFFERENT from their parents". The phenotype of `F_1` generation does not resemble either of the two parents and the expression is in between the two. Inheritance of flower colour in the dog flower or snapdragon (Antirrhinum sps.) is a good example for incomplete DOMINANCE. In a cross between true breeding red flowered (RR) plant and true breeding WHITE flowered (rr) plants, the `F_1` hybrids produce pink coloured flowers (Rr). When the `F_1` hybrids are self pollinated (self cross), the `F_2` generation resulted in the ratio of 1:2:1[1Red (RR) : 2 Pink (Rr): 1White (rr)]. Here, the phenotype ratio does not resemble the Mendelian monohybrid cross but the genotype ratio is EXACTLY similar to that of Mendelian monohybrid cross.

2083.	Question : What is incomplete dominance? Give an example.
Answer» Solution :When one ALLELE is not completely dominant to anotehr allele it shows incomplete dominance. Such allelic interaction is KNOWN as incomplete dominanace. It is a type of intragenic GENE interaction. Ex: genes controlling FLOWER colour is 4' O clock plant.

2084.	Question : What is included in IPM ?(A) Bio control(B) Bio fertilizer(C) Tissue culture(D) All of the above
Answer» BIO CONTROL Bio fertiliser Tissue culture All of the above Solution : Bio control

2085.	Question : What is inbreeding? What is the danger of inbreeding?
Answer» SOLUTION :BREEDING between animals of the same BREED. It DECREASES VIGOUR, fitness and productivity

2086.	Question : What is inbreeding ? Mention the significance of inbreeding.
Answer» Solution :Inbreeding : breeding between animals of the same BREED is called Inbreeding. It is continued for 4- 6 GENERATIONS. Significance In breeding is a strategy used for developing purelines in cattle. It increases hemozygosity. Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive GENES that are eliminated by selection. It helps in accumulation of superior genes and ELIMINATION of less desirable genes.

2087.	Question : What is Inbreeding depression?
Answer» SOLUTION :Continued inbreeding REDUCES fertility and productivity.Inbreeding exposes HARMFUL recessive genes that are eliminated by SELECTION.

2088.	Question : What is inbreeding? Mention the significance of inbreeding.
Answer» Solution :Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related INDIVIDUALS within the same breed for 4-6 generation. Significance of inbreeding : (i) Homozygous pure lines developed. (ii) Inbreeding INCREASES HOMOZYGOSITY. (iii) Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection. (iv) It ALSO help in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of LESS desirable genes. (v) Selection at each step increases productivity of inbreeds population.

2089.	Question : What is inbreeding depression and how is it caused in organisms ? Write any two advantages of inbreeding.
Answer» Solution :Inbreeding depression Inbreeding exposes harmful RECESSIVE genes that are eliminated by SELECTION. It also helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes. Therefore, in this approach, there is selection at each step, increases the productivity of inbreed population. However, continued inbreeding especially close breeding, USUALLY REDUCES fertility and even productivity. This is called inbreeding depression. Advantages Of Inbreeding : 1. Inbreeding brings the homozygosity in the population so it helps in producing a pure LINE of ammals. 2. It helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes. It increases the productivity of inbred population.

2090.	Question : What is inbreeding depression ? How is it controlled ?
Answer» Solution :Continued inbreeding reduces FERTILITY and productivity, CALLED inbreeding depression. To CONTROL, this problem, selected ANIMALS breedings of population should be mated with unrelated superior animals of the same Breed. It can controlled by out crossing.

2091.	Question : What isimprovement operationin forestmanagement ?
Answer» SOLUTION : REMOVAL of noncommercial trees,OLD dryingtrees,damagedby storm and ANIMALS, DISEASED trees and crookedtrees fromthe forest.

2092.	Question : What is importance of meristem culture?
Answer» SOLUTION :Healthy PLANT can be recovered from diseased plant. VIRUS free PLANTS are produced

2093.	Question : What is implantation? Where does implantation taken place?
Answer» Solution :The blastocyst BECOMES EMBEDDED in the endometrium of the uterus this condition can be CONSIDERED as IMPLANTATION and it leads to pregnancy.

2094.	Question : Define Implantation.
Answer» SOLUTION :Theblastocyst( fertilizedegg) REACHES the uterusand getsimplantedin THEUTERUS. THEPROCESS ofattachmentof theblastocystto theuterinewall ( ENDOMETRIUM ) is calledimplanatation .

2095.	Question : What is Immunity ?
Answer» Solution :The OVERALL ability of the host to fight DISEASE causing organisms, conferred by the immune system is called Immunity Immunity is of two types :(i) Innate immunity (ii) Acquired immunity (i) Innate immunity : It is a non-specific type of defence, that is present at the time of birth. This is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of foreign agents into our body. Innate immunity consist of FOUR types of barriers. Physical barriers : skin on our body is the main barrier which prevents entry of the microorganisms. Mucus coating of the epithelium lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts also help in trapping microbes entering our body. Physiological barriers : Acid in stomach, saliva in the mouth, tears from eyes all prevent microbial growth. CELLULAR barriers : Certain types of leukocytes(WBC) of our body like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes(PMNL -neutrophils) and monocytes and natural killer(types of lymphocytes) in the blood as well as macrophages in tissues can phagocytose and destroy microbes. Cytokine barriers : Virus infected cells secrete proteins called interferons which protects non infected cells from further viral infection. (II) Acquired immunity : Acquired immunity is pathogen specific. It is characterised by memory. Our body when encounters a pathogen for the first time PRODUCES a response called primary response. Primary response is of low intensity. Subsequent encounters with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified secondary or anamnestic response. This is ascribed to the fact that our body appears to have memory of the first encounter.

2096.	Question : What is Ichthyostegia?
Answer» Solution :Ichthyostegia is a MISSING link between FISH and amphibia.

2097.	Question : What is hydrolysed by arginase to produce urea and ornithine?
Answer» ANSWER :ARGININE

2098.	Question : What is Hydrarch succession?
Answer» SOLUTION :PLANT succession which takes place in water or wet area and which converts the wet or HYDRIC area into the MESIC condition is CALLED Hydrarch succession.

2099.	Question : Define hybrid vigour.
Answer» SOLUTION :The superiority of the HYBRID obtained by cross BREEDING is called as Heterosis or Hybrid VIGOUR.

2100.	Question : What is hybrid vehicle technology ? Explain its advantages with a suitable example.
Answer» Solution :Vehicles running on dual MODE like petrol and CNG are hybrid vehicle. As CNG is a green FUEL there is conservation of FOSSIL fuels and REDUCTION in the ENVIRONMENTAL pollution.

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