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2101.

Question : What is humification?

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Solution :FORMATION of a dark COLOURED partially decomposed AMORPHOUS sustance (humus) from DETRITUS is known as HUMIFICATION.
Discussion
2102.

Question : What is humnification?

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SOLUTION :The PROCESS by which HUMUS,a dark coloured AMORPHOUS substance is formed,is called HUMIFICATION.
Discussion
2103.

Question : What is Human Genome Project ?

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Solution :Genetic make up of an organism or an individual lies in the DNA sequences.
If two individuals differ, then their DNA sequences should also be different, at least at some places.
These assumptions led to the quest of finding out the complete DNA sequence of human genome.
With the establishment of genetic engineering TECHNIQUES where it was possible to isolate and clone any piece of DNA sequences, a very ambitions project of sequencing human genome was launched in the YEAR 1990.
Human genome project [HGP]was called a mega project.
We can imagine the magnitude and the requirements for the project if we simply define the aims of the project as follows:
Human genome is said to have approximately `3 xx 10^(9)` bp and if the cost of sequencing REQUIRED is `US $ 3` per bp, the total estimated cost of the project would be approximately 9 billion US dollars.
Further, if the obtained sequences were to be stored in typed form in books and if each page of the book contained 1000 letters and each book contained 1000 pages, then 3300 such books would be required to store the INFORMATION of DNA sequence from a single human cell.
The enormous amount of data expected to be generated also necessitated the use of high speed computational devices for data storage and retrieval and analysis.
HGP was CLOSELY associated with the rapid development of a new area in biology called Bioinformatics.
Discussion
2104.

Question : What is homeostasis ?

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Solution :To MAINTAIN the constancy of internal environment despite VARYING EXTERNAL environmental conditions is called HOMEOSTASIS.
Discussion
2105.

Question : Define Holliday. Junction.

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SOLUTION :In the model of DNA recombination proposed by Robin HOLLIDAY, the cut strands CROSS and join the homologous strands FORMING the Holliday junction.
Discussion
2106.

Question : What is hnRNA?

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Solution :hnRNA or HETEROGENOUS nuclear RNA is the PRECURSOR of mRNA (messenger RNA). It is processed in the nucleus before it is transported to the cytoplasm by capping and tailing.
Discussion
2107.

Question : Whatis hillreaction? Howit canbe demonstrated?

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Solution :The SPLITTING of water molecule into HYDROGEN and oxygen is called PHOTOLYSIS of water or Hill REACTION.
Discussion
2108.

Question : What is high altitude sickness ? Write its symptoms.

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Solution :If one had ever been to any high altitude place (>3,500m like Rohtang Pass NEAR Manali and Mansarovar in TIBETAN Autonomous Region), the pathological effect caused by ACUTE exposure to low partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude is CALLED altitude sickness.
Its symptoms include NAUSEA, fatigue and heart palpitations .
Discussion
2109.

Question : What is heterothallic condition? Differentiate between staminate and pistillate flowers.

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Solution :Organisnıs in which different individuals or PLANTS carry male or female gametes are called heterothallic or dioecious (eg) papaya
STAMINATE-The UNISEXUAL male FLOWER bearing stamens is called staminate
PISTILLATE-The female flower bearing pistil is called pistillate.
Discussion
2110.

Question : What is Heterostyly ? Give example.

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Solution :Heterostyly : Some PLANTS produce two or THREE different in their LENGTH of stamens and STYLE . Pollination will take place only between ORGANS of the samelength . E.g. Primula.
Discussion
2111.

Question : What is heterosis?

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SOLUTION :The superiority of The `f_(1)` hybrid performance over its PARENTS is called heterosis or hybrid vigour. Vigour refers to increase in growth, YIELD, greater adaptability of resistance diseases, pest and drought.
Discussion
2112.

Question : What is heterogametic ? Explain by giving proper examples ?

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Solution :The chromosomal theory of sex determination was worked out by E.B.
= Wilson and Stevens - They named XY CHROMOSOMES as allosome or sex chromosome and other chromosomes which have no relation with the sex and contain genes which determine the character as AUTOSOMES (AA).
= Thus on the basis of the type of allosome present in the gamete, the parents can be of two types :(i) Homogametic i.e. Producing similar gametes.
(ii) Heterogametic i.e. Producing different gametes.
= These are various types of sex determination mechanism observed in various ORGANISMS as follow :
=
= Male Heterogamety : The mechanism in which male produces two different types of gametes: (i) Either with or without X-chromosome. (ii) Some gametes with X-chromosome and some without Y-chromosome.
= (i) XX-XY Type : This type is present in CERTAIN insects like Drosophila melanogaster and mammals including human.
=In males an X-chromosome is present but its other part is very small called as Y-chromosome whereas females have a pair of only X-chromosome i.e. XY.
= Both males and females bear same number of chromosomes.
=The males have autosomes plus XY-chromosomes and females have autosomes plus XX -chromosomes.
= The males produce two types of gametes containing X or Y sex chromosome and females produce only one type of gametes with an X-chromosome (homogametic).
=
= Determination of sex in Drosophila : Thus in this type of sex determination the presence of Y-chromosomes determines the maleness.
= (ii) XX-XO Type : This type is present in a large number of insects, e.g., grasshopper etc.
=Male have only one X-chromosome and produce two types of sperms. i.e. 50% with Xchromosome and 50% without X-chromosome and female have a pair of X-chromosomes and produce homo-gametic eggs.

Determination of sex in Grasshopper : Eggs fertilised by sperms having an X-chromosome become females and those fertilised by sperm that do not have X-chromosome become males.
= Female heterogametry : In this CASE, the total number of chromosomes are same in both males and females. But two different types of gametes in terms of sex chromosomes are produced by females.
=(i) ZZ - ZW type : This method of sex determination is seen in birds fowls and fishes.
= Females have one Z and one W-chromosome along with autosomes whereas males have a pair of Z-chromosomes (i.e. homogametic).
= Thus the sex of an organism is determined by the type of ovum that is fertilised to produce an offsprings.
=
=(ii) ZZ-Zo type : In this method of sex determination the female is heterogametic [ZO] and male is homogametic [ZZ].
= It occursin certainbutterfiesand moths .
Discussion
2113.

Question : What is heterogamesis?

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Solution :CHROMOSOMAL mechanism of SEX DETERMINATION is CALLED HETEROGAMESIS.
Discussion
2114.

Question : What is heart attack called in medical terminology?

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SOLUTION :Myocardial infarction is called HEART ATTACK in MEDICAL terminology.
Discussion
2115.

Question : What is heat period?

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Solution :It is the PERIOD of sexual RESPONSIVENESS of nonprimate MAMMALIAN FEMALE.
Discussion
2116.

Question : What is health according to Hippocrates and Indian Ayurveda system of medicine?

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Solution :ACCORDING to Hippocrates the HUMAN body is filled with humor/fluid, which CONSISTED of blackbile, yellowbile, blood and phlegm
Each of this humor/fluid CORRELATED with elements of nature, such as blackbile represented carth, yellowbile represented fire, blood represented air and phlegm represented water
This humors/fluids where thought to be the four basic substances that filled the human body
When these were balanced, a person is said to be in a good health.
Too much humor in the human body resulted in mental or physical illness that manifested bad health.
It was believed that a person with blackbile belonged to hot personality and would have FEVERS.
Discussion
2117.

Question : Define haplodiploidy.

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Solution :In haplodiploidy, the sex of the offspring is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes it RECEIVES. Fertilized EGGS develop into females (QUEEN or WORKER) and unfertilized eggs develop into males (drones) by parthenogenesis. It means that the males have half the number of chromosomes (haploid) and the females have DOUBLE the number (diploid).
Discussion
2118.

Question : What is haematology?

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SOLUTION :HAEMATOLOGY is the STUDY of BLOOD.
Discussion
2119.

Question : What is gynostegium?

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Solution :(i) The union of STIGMA with the androecium is called gynostegium.
(ii) In flowers of Asclepiadaceae the 5 STAMENS unite with stigma and FORM a large 5-angled stigma which is receptive on the UNDERSIDE.
(iii) This is a SPECIAL adaptation to effect pollination by translator mechanism.
Discussion
2120.

Question : What is habitat ?

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Solution :The place where an ORGANISM lives is CALLED HABITAT.
Discussion
2121.

Question : What is gross primary productivity ? In what unit is it expressed ?

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Solution :Gross primary PRODUCTIVITY is the total AMOUNT of organic food synthesized by the PRODUCERS per UNIT area and per unit TIME . It is measured in `gm//m^2//"year" ` or `"Kcal"//m^2//"year"`
Discussion
2122.

Question : What is guanotelism?

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SOLUTION :EXCRETION of GUANINE is CALLED GUANOTELISM.
Discussion
2123.

Question : What is greenhouse gas ?

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The long WAVELENGTH rays which trap heat
It absorbs SUN rays and INCREASES the temperature of EARTH.
It absorb sun rays and decreases the temperature of earth.
Transparent for the EXIT of earth. 

Answer :A
Discussion
2124.

Question : What is greenhouse effect and global warming ?

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Solution :The greenhouse effect is a naturally OCCURRING phenomenon that is responsible for heating of Earth.s surface and atmosphere due to INCREASE in concentration of carbon dioxide and methane GAS.

Clouds and gases reflect about one-fourth of the incoming solar radiation and absorb some of it but almost half of incoming solar radiation falls on Earth.s surface heating it, while a small proportion is reflected BACK.
 The surface of earth re-emits heat in the form of infrared radiation but part of this does not reflected back due to greenhouse gases that leads to heating of earth atmosphere.
Global warming is caused due to greenhouse effect.
Scientists believe that this rise in temperature is leading to harmful changes in the environment and resulting in odd climatic changes (e.g. El Nino effect), thus leading to INCREASED melting of polar ice caps.
Global warming can be controlled by : (a) Cutting down use of fossil fuel (b) Improving efficiency of energy usage (c) Reducing deforestation (d) Planting tree (e) Slowing down the growth of human population.
Discussion
2125.

Question : Whatis greenhouse effect ? Discuss the effect of increased level ( between540 and 970 ppm) of carbondioxide gas on the growth of C_(3) plants .

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Solution :Asa result of the increase in greenhouse gases like CO, CFCs, `CH_(4), N_(2)O` etc., the ENVIRONMENTALTEMPERATURE increases at surfacelevel. This process is calledgreenhouseeffect. `CO_(2)` is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Increases in the LEVEL of `CO_(2)`leads to `CO_(2)`fertilization whihccauses increase in the gorwthof `C_(3)` plantsby 30%.
Discussion
2126.

Question : What is Green revolution?

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Solution :Green revolution is rapid increase in the production of agricultural PRODUCES like wheat, rice, gram, maize, etc. and also in horticulture. This was achieved through:
(a) Developing and ntroducing high yielding and pest-resistant varieties
(b) Use of fertilisers
(c) Spraying insecticides.
(d) Increased irrigation facilities.
(e) Multiple cropping and rotation of crops.
(f) Better methods of storage and better agriculture management. In INDIA, green revolution was achieved during 1970s by the untiring EFFORTS of PROF. M.S. Swaminathan (The .FATHER of Green Revolution in India.).
Discussion
2127.

Question : What is grafting?

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Solution :Grafting is an artificial METHOD of vegetative propagation in which the PARTS of TWO different plants are united in such a way that they unite with each other and continue their growth as one PLANT.
Discussion
2128.

Question : Whatisgout ?

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Solution :Gout is the condition of painful ARTHRITIS with defective METABOLISM causing deposition of EXCESS uric ACID in joints of bones.
Discussion
2129.

Question : What is 'glycolysis ? Describe various steps involved in glycolysis using schematic representation.

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Solution :Glycolyis : It is the first MAJOR process in the mechanism of AEROBIC respiration. ltbgt (A)Glycolysis consists of 2 major phases.
(B)Oxidative and pay off phase.

(A) Perparatory phase and cleavage : Initial phase of glycolysis in which GLUCOSE molecule is activated by phosphorylation and then cleaved into 2 molecules of triose phosphates . 3 - PGAL and DHAP.
1. Phosphorylation- I :
` " Gluscose " + ATP overset(" Hexokinase")underset(Hg^(2+))to " Glucose -6-Phosphate + ADP" `
Isomerisation
` " Glucose -6-Phosphate" overset(" Phospho-gluco")underset(" Isomerase")to underset(6-C) " Fructose-6-Phosphate"`
3. Phosphorylation -II :
` underset(6 -C) " Fructose -6- Phosphate + ATP" overset("Phosphofructokinase") underset( Mg^(2+))to underset(6 -C) " Fructose 1, 6- diphosphate +ADP" `
4.Cleavage :
` underset(6-C) " Fructose -1,6-diphosphate" overset("Aldolase")tounderset(3-C) (3-PGAL) + underset(3-C) (DHAP)`
5. Isomerisation
` underset(3-C) (DHAP) overset("Phospho-triose") underset("Isomerase")to uderset(3-C) (3-PGAL)`
(B) Oxidative and pay off phase : During this phase oxidation bt removal of hydrogen takes place and then there is ATP gerneration.
6. Oxidation and phosphorylation :
` underset(3-C) (PGAL) + H_(3)PO_(4) + NAD + overset("Phospho-glyceraldehyde") underset("Dehydrogenase")to 1,3-di, PGA-NADH_(2)`
7. ATP GENERATION - I :
`overset(3-C)1,3 diPGA+ADP overset("Phospho- glycero")underset("Kinase")to underset(3-C) 3-PGA + ATP `
8. Isomerisation :
` underset(3-C) (3-diPGA) overset(" Phospho-glycero-mutase")to underset(3-C) 2-PGA`
9. Dehydration
` underset(3-C) 2-PGA underset(Mg^(2+)) overset("Enolase") to unerset(3-C)(PEPA) + H_(2)O`
10. ATP Generation -II :
`underset(3-C) + ADP + H_(2)O underset(" Pyruvate") overset("Kinase")to underset(3-C)"Pyruvate" + ATP`
Overall Equation :
` underset(6-C) + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2 Pi overset("Enzymes") underset("Glycolysis")tounderset(3-C) (2-Pyruvate + 2NADH_(2) + 2ATP`
Discussion
2130.

Question : What is glycolysis ? Describe varioussteps involved in glycolysis using schematic representation.

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Solution :Glycolysis:Glycolysis the first phase respiration in which hexose SUGAR (glucose) is broken down through a series of stepwiseenzymatic REACTIONS leading to the formation of pyruvate.
The term glycolysis is an old term. It has now been replaced by a new term EMP pathway after its discoverers, VIZ., Embden, Meyerhof and PARNAS. The EMP pathway is a COMMON pathway for the degradation of glucose in both aerobicand anaerobic respiration . It occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell.
2. Schematic representationof EMP pathway :
Discussion
2131.

Question : What is glucosuria?

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SOLUTION :PRESENCE of GLUCOSE in URINE is CALLED glucosuria.
Discussion
2132.

Question : What is global warming? Mention the causes and effects of global warming.

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Solution :Increase in the mean temperature of earth is called global WARMING.
Causes
Increased level of green house gases like `CO_(2), CH_(4),` CFCs and `N_(2)O` in the atmosphere.
Rise in temperature
Odd climatic changes or El nino effect.
Melting of polar ice CAPS and Himalayan snow caps.
Rise in sea level that can submerge many coastal areas.
Discussion
2133.

Question : What is global warming?

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Solution :Increase in the level of green HOUSE gases had LED to considerable heating of EARTH leading to GLOBAL WARMING.
Discussion
2134.

Question : What is global warming ?

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Solution :Considerable INCREASE inmean temperature of the EARTH is called GLOBAL WARMING.
Discussion
2135.

Question : What is GIS?

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Solution :Geographic Information SYSTEM (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing ,checkingand displaying data related to positions on Earth.s SURFACE. Also to manipulate , analyse , MANAGE and present SPACIAL or geographic data.
Discussion
2136.

Question : What is Germplasm conservation?

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Solution :Germplasm conservation refers to the conservation of living genetic RESOURCES LIKE pollen, seeds or tissue of plant material maintained for the purpose of selective plant breeding, PRESERVATION in LIVE condition and used for many RESEARCH works
Discussion
2137.

Question : What is genotype & phenotype ?

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SOLUTION :The term GENOTYPE is the genetic constitution of an INDIVIDUAL . The term phenotype refers to the OBSERVABLE characteristic of an organism.
Discussion
2138.

Question : What is genotype ?

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SOLUTION :The TERM GENOTYPE is the genetic constitution of an INDIVIDUAL.
Discussion
2139.

Question : Genomics

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Solution :GENOMICS is study of genes and GENOMES by USING DNA sequencing and related analysis.
Discussion
2140.

Question : What is genetically modified mustard ?

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Solution :Dhara Mustared Hybrid (DMH) :
(i) DMH - 11 is TRANSGENIC mustard developed by a TEAM of scientists , Centre for Genetic
Manipulation of Crop Plants at Delhi University under Government sponsoredprojenct , It is genetically modified veriety of Herbicide Tolerant (HT) mustard .
(ii) It was created by using ''barnase/barstar''technology for genetic MODIFICATION by adding GENES from soil BACTERIUM that makes mustard , a self-pollinating plant .
DMH - 11 contains three genes viz . Bar gene , Barnase and Barstar sourced from soil becterium .
(iii) The bar genehad mede plant resistant to herbicide named Basta .
Discussion
2141.

Question : What is genetically engineered insulin ?

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Solution :The INSULIN SYNTHESIZED by recombinant DNA TECHNOLOGY is CALLED genetically engineered Insulin. It was the first ever pharmaceutical PRODUCT of rDNA technology. In 1986, human insulin was marked under the trade name Humulin.
Discussion
2142.

Question : What is genomic library?

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Solution :GENOMIC LIBRARY is a TYPE of gene library. It consists of all clones of DNA FRAGMENTS that represent the complete genome of an organism.
Discussion
2143.

Question : What is genetic mapping?

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Solution :The diagrammatic representation of position of GENES and RELATED distances between the adjacent genes is called genetic mapping. It is directly proportional to the frequency of recombination between them . It is also called as LINKAGE map.
Discussion
2144.

Question : What is gene therapy ? IIIustrate using the example of adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.

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Solution :Gene therapy is a collection of methods that allows Correction of a gene defect that has been DIAGNOSED in a child/embryo. Here genes are inserted into a person.s cells and TISSUES to treat a disease. Correction of a GENETIC defect involves delivery of a normal gene into the individual or embryo to take ove the fuction of and compensate for the non-functional gene.
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme is curcial for the immune system to fuction. The DISORDER is caused due to the deletion of the gene for adenosine deaminase. In some children ADA deficiency can be cured by bone marrow transplantation, in others it can be treated by enzyme replacement therapy, in which functional ADA is given to the patient by injection. But the problem with both of these approaches is that they are not completely curative. As a first step towards gene therapy lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are grown in a culture outside the body. A fuctional ADA cDNA (using a RETROVIRAL vector is then introduced into these lymphocytes, which are subsequently returned to the patient.
Discussion
2145.

Question : What is gene therapy? Name the disorder to which clinical gene therapy was given first.

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Solution :Gene THERAPY is a collection of methods that allows CORRECTION of a defective gene diagnosed in a child/embryo.
For the first time in 1990, was ATTEMPTED gene therapy on a 4-year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.
Discussion
2146.

Question : What is gene therapy? Name the first clinical case where it was used?

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SOLUTION :Gene THERAPY is a COLLECTION of METHODS which permits the correction of a gene defect which has been diagnosed in an embryo or in child. ADA DEFICIENCY
Discussion
2147.

Question : (a) what is Gene theraphy ? Give an example . (b) Write a note on biography with reference to 'Basmati Rice' .

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Solution :Gene THERAPY is a collection of methods that ALLOWS correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child/embryo.
EXAMPLE : (ADA) deficiency.
Discussion
2148.

Question : What is gene therapy? Explain the steps involved in curing ADA deficiency by gene therapy.

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Solution :Gene therapy is a collection of methods that allows CORRECTION of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child/embryo. Steps involved in curing ADA deficiency by gene therapy
a) Lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are grown in a culture outside the BODY.
b) A functional ADA, CDNA (using a retroviral vector) is then introduced into these lymphocytes, which are subsequently returned to the patient.
c) As these cells are not IMMORTAL, the patient requires periodic infusion of such genetically ENGINEERED lymphocytes.
Discussion
2149.

Question :What is gene pool?

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Solution :The GENOTYPE of all the individuals in an inbreeding population make up the GENE POOL.
Discussion
2150.

Question : What is gene therapy ?

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Solution :It is the REPLACEMENT of defective GENE by a NORMAL HEALTHY and functional gene.
Discussion