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2901.

Question : What are the different types of hybridization?

Answer»

Solution :Types of HybridizationAccording to the relationship between plants, the HYBRIDIZATION is DIVIDED into. (i) Intravarietal hybridization - The cross between the plants of same variety. Such crosses are useful only in the self-pollinated CROPS. (ii) Intervarietal hybridization - The cross between the plants belonging to two different varieties of the same specices and also know as intraspecific hybridization. This technique has been the basis of improving self-pollinated as well as cross pollinated crops. (iii) Interspecific hybridization - The cross between the plants belonging to different species belonging to the same genus is also called intragenic hybridization .It is commonly used for transferring the genes of disease, insect, pest and drought resistance from ONE species to another. Example: GOSSYPIUM hirsutum x Gossypium arboreum - Deviraj. (iv) Intergeneric hybridization - The crosses are made between the plants belonging to two different genera. The disadvantages are hybrid sterility , time consuming and expensive procedure. Example:Raphanobrassica and Triticale.
Discussion
2902.

Question : What are the different types of mutations?

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Solution :GENE mutation (Point Mutation)-due to the change in single pair of DNA (substitution mutation)- DELETION or insertion of BASE pairs of DNA causes frame shift mutation.
CHROMOSOMAL mutation-due to the changes in the structures and NUMBER of chromosomes. (Chromosomal aberration and Policy changes)
Discussion
2903.

Question : What are the different types of genetically determined blood group systems?

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Solution :There are many genetically determined BLOOD group systems LIKE ABO, RH, Duffy, Kidd, LEWIS, P, MNS, etc.
Discussion
2904.

Question : What are the different steps of decomposition process?

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SOLUTION :1. Fragmentation
2. Leaching
3. Catabolism
4. HUMIFICATION
5. MINERALISATION
Discussion
2905.

Question : What are the different stages of Hydrarch succession?

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Solution :1. Phytoplanktons stage
2. Submerged stage
3. Submerged free FLOATING stage
4. Reed and swamp stage
5. MARSH MEADOW stage
6. SCRUB stage
7. Forest stage
Discussion
2906.

Question : What are the different modes of asexual reproduction studied by you?

Answer»

Solution :The different mode of asexual reproduction in this chapter are gemmule formation, budding, regeneration and fission.
(i) Gemmule formation : When archeocytes aggregate together, they form asexually reproducing bodies called gemmules. Amoebocytes secrete hard and chitinous membrane around these gemmules. These bodies are like internal buds and they hatch and develop when favourable conditions RETURN. E.g. Seen in Spongilla and other sponges.
(ii) Budding: Small buds are grown on the wall of the parent body, which GROWS and then DETACHES from parent to lead indepen- dent life. E.g. Seen in Hydra.
(iii) Regeneration : The anterior part exerts pull over posterior part causing BREAK in the middle part. The anterior part PRODUCES posterior part and the posterior part produces anterior part. In this way from single individual two young ones are produced in asexual way. E.g. Planaria.
Discussion
2907.

Question : What is primary productivity? Give brief description of factor that affects the primary productivity.

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Solution :1. Plant SPECIES inhaiting in AREA
2. Environmental FACTORS
3. Availability of nutrient
4. PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY of plant
Discussion
2908.

Question : What are the differences between gaseous cycle and sedimentary cycle?

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
2909.

Question : What are the diferent steps of somatic hybridisation?

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SOLUTION :1. Select a single cell from a PLANT with desirable CHARACTERS.
2. Cell wall of cells are digested by treating the cell with enzyme like pectinase and cellulase to isolate protoplast.
3. The isolated protolast of two different varieties of plant cells can be fused to get hybrid protoplast.
4. The hybrid protoplast allows to REGENERATE cell wall.
5. Then it can be further grown to form new plant called somatic hybrid.
Discussion
2910.

Question : What are the demerits of Artificial systems of classification ?

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SOLUTION :ArtificialN/AsystemsN/AseparatedN/AtheN/AcloselyN/ArelatedN/AspeciesN/AsinceN/AtheyN/AwereN/AbasedN/AonN/AaN/AfewN/Acharacteristics.N/AAlso,N/AtheN/AartificialN/AsystemsN/AgaveN/AequalN/AweightageN/AtoN/AvegetativeN/AandN/AsexualN/Acharacteristics,N/AthisN/AisN/AnotN/AacceptableN/AsinceN/AweN/AknowN/AthatN/AoftenN/AtheN/AvegetativeN/AcharactersN/AareN/AmoreN/AeasilyN/AaffectedN/AbyN/Aenvironment.
Discussion
2911.

Question : What are the deleterious effects of air pollution

Answer»

Solution :Air pollutin affects respiratory system of HUMAN and ANIMALS
REDUCES growth and yield of crops
PREMATURE death of PLANKS and animals.
Discussion
2912.

Question : What are the criteria of DNA to act as a genetic material ?

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Solution :(i) It should be able to generate its replica.
(ii) It should CHEMICALLY and structurally be stable.
(iii) It should UNDERGO mutation that is REQUIRED for EVOLUTION.
Discussion
2913.

Question : What are the constituents of Miller's experiment?

Answer»

`H_(2)O`, `NH_(3)`, `H_(2)`, `CH_(4)`
`NH_(3)`, `H_(2)`, `CH_(4)`, `CO_(2)`
`CH_(4)`, `NH_(3)`
`O_(2)`, `N_(2)`, `NH_(4)`

ANSWER :A
Discussion
2914.

Question : What are the conclusions drawn by T.H. Morgan from the crossing experiment in Drosophila with respect to linkage?

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Solution :Morgan found that even when GENES were GROUPED on the same chromosomes, Some genes were very tightly linked (Showed very low RECOMBINATION) while others were loosely linked (Showed higher recombination).
Discussion
2915.

Question : What are the conclusions drawn by T.H Morgan from the crossing experiment?

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Solution :i. He observed that when the two genes in a dihybrid cross are located on the same Chromosome, the proportion of PARENTAL gene COMBINATION in the PROGENY was much higher than the non-parental genes.
ii. When the genes are loosely LINKED they show higher RECOMBINATION but when very tightly linked, showed very low recombination.
Discussion
2916.

Question : What are the components that make up external genitalia female?

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SOLUTION :LABIA Majora, Labia Minora, HYMEN and CLITORIS.
Discussion
2917.

Question : What are the components of nucleosome?

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Solution :Negatively CHARGED DNA which is WRAPPED around positively charged histone octamer forms nucleosome that contains 200 bp of DNA helix.
Discussion
2918.

Question : What are the components of mature dicot embryo.

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Solution :The MATURE dicot EMBRYO has a RADICAL , TWO cotyledons and a plumule.
Discussion
2919.

Question : What are the components of initiation complex of prokaryotic translation?

Answer»

Solution :Initiation of translation in E. coli begins with the formation of an initiation complex, consisting of the 30S SUBUNITS of the RIBOSOME, a messenger RNA and the charged N-formyl methionine tRNA `(f^(met) - t RNA f^(met)),` three proteinaceous initiation factors (IF1, IF2, IF3), GTP (Guanine Tri PHOSPHATE) and `MG^(2+)`
Discussion
2920.

Question : What are the common examples of allergens and mention the symptoms?

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Solution :Some of the common examples are allergen are mites in dust, pollens, animal DANDER, etc.
Symptoms of allergic reaction INCLUDE SNEEZING, watery EYES, running nose and difficulty in breathing.
Discussion
2921.

Question : What are the classification of gene interactions ?

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Solution :INTERACTIONS take place between the alleles of the same gene i.e., alleles at the same locus is called intragenic or intralocus gene INTERACTION. It includes the following:
(i) Incomplete dominance
(II) Codonominanace
Multiple alleles
(iv) Pleiotropic GENES are common examples for intragenic interaction.
Intergenic gene interactions.
Interlocus interactions take place between the alleles at different LOCI i.r between alleles of different genes. This is called intergenic interaction. Ex: Complementary genes interaction.
Discussion
2922.

Question : What are the chromosome which control body characters, but not the sexual characters called ?

Answer»


ANSWER :AUTOSOMES
Discussion
2923.

Question : What are the chromosome number in the meiocytes of maize ?

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ANSWER :20
Discussion
2924.

Question : What are the chromosome number in the meiocytes of house fly.

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ANSWER :12
Discussion
2925.

Question : What are the chromosome number in the meiocytes of Dog ?

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ANSWER :78
Discussion
2926.

Question : What are the chromosome number in the meiocytes in human beings?

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ANSWER :46
Discussion
2927.

Question : What are the chemicals secreted by damaged mast cells of connective tissue ?

Answer»

PEPSIN and renin
Lysozyme and somatotropin
Melanin and coherin
Histamine and prostaglandin

Answer :D
Discussion
2928.

Question : What are the chemical components that make up the wall layers of pollen grains ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :PECTIN , cellulose, hemicellulose, CALLOSE , SPOROPOLLENIN , pollenkitt and other PROTEINS.
Discussion
2929.

Question : What are the characteristics of humus?

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SOLUTION :It is a dark coloured amorphous SUBSTANCE
It is highly resistant to mirobial action
It undergoes SLOW decomposition
It serves as a RESERVOIR of nutrient
Discussion
2930.

Question : Enumerate the characters of anemophilous flowers

Answer»

Solution :(i) The flowers are produced in pendulous, catkin-like or spike inflorescence.
(ii) The axis of inflorescence elongates so that the flowers are broughtwell above the leaves.
(iii) The perianth is absent or highly reduced.
(iv) The flowers are SMALL, inconspicuous, colourless, not scented, do not secrete nectar.
(v) The stamens are produce enormous quantities of pollen grains compared to number of ovules available for pollination. They are minute, LIGHT and dry so that they can be carried to long distances by wind.
(vii) In some plants anthers burst violently andrelease the pollen into the air.
Example: Urtica.
(viii) Stigmas are comparatively large, protruding, sometimes BRANCHED and feathery, adapted to CATCH the pollen grains. GENERALLY single ovule is present.
Discussion
2931.

Question :What are the characteristics of a good contraceptive ?

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SOLUTION :An IDEAL contraceptive should be USER friendly, easily available, with least SIDE effects and should not interfere with sexual drive.
Discussion
2932.

Question : What are the characteristic symptoms of Down's syndrome.

Answer»

Solution :Symptoms of Down's syndrome:
1. TYPICAL FACIAL features resembling the face of a Mongolian race.
2. An epicanthal skin fold, over the innercorner of eyes causing downward slanting eyes.
3. Typical flat face rounded flat nose, MOUTH always open with protruding tongue.
4. Mental retardation.
5. Poor skeletal development.
6. Short stature, relatively small skull and ARCHED PALATE.
7. Flat hand with simian crease that runs across the palm.
Discussion
2933.

Question : What are the characteristic features of a true-breeding line ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :A true-breeding line for a trait is ONE that, has undergone continuous self - POLLINATION or BROTHER sister mating. It shows stability in the inheritance of the trait for several generations.
Discussion
2934.

Question : What are the changes in the oogonia during the transition of a primary follicle to Graafian follicle?

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Solution :The GERMINAL epthelial cells divide repeatedly unti many DIPLOID oogonia are formed. The layer of granulosa cells and then called the primary follicle.
The primary follicles get surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells and called secondary by a fluid filled cavity called antrum.
The primary OOCYTE within th tertary follicle undergoes melotic division to become a secondary oocyte and a first POLAR body (haploid). The tertiary follicle further CHANGES into the mature follicle or Graafian follicle that ruptures to release the secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by the process called ovulation.
Discussion
2935.

Question : What are the cells involved innate immune system ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Cell involved in innate immunity are MONOCYTES (macrophages),neutrophils,HELPER T-cells,B-cells,DENDRITIC cells.
Discussion
2936.

Question : What are the causes, symptoms and transmission of Ringworms or Tinea ?

Answer»

Solution :Many fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton collectively called Dermatophytes are RESPONSIBLE for ringworms.
It is one of the most common infectious disease in man.
APPEARANCE of dry, scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as skin, NAILS and scalp are the main symptoms of the disease.
Lesions are accompanied by intense itching .
Heat and MOISTURE helps these fungi to grow, which makes them thrive in skin folds such as those in groin or between toes.
Ringworms are generally acquired from SOIL or by using towels , clothes or even the comb of infected individuals.
Discussion
2937.

Question : What are the causes of hyperpolarization ?

Answer»

Due to excess `K^(+)` outflux
Due to INFLUX of `Cl^(–)` ions
After RELEASING of GABA
All the above

Answer :D
Discussion
2938.

Question : What are the causes of cancer?

Answer»

Solution :Transformation of normal cell into cancerous neoplastic CELLS may be induced by physical, chemical and BIOLOGICAL factors or agents.
Cancer causing agents are known as Carcinogens.
Ionizing radiations like X-rays and gamma rays and non-ionizing radiations like UV CAUSE DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformation.
The chemical carcinogens present in tobacco smoke have been identified as a major cause of lung cancer.
Cancer causing viruses called oncogenic viruses have genes called VIRAL oncogenes.
Several genes called cellular oncogenes or proto-oncogenes have been identified in normal cells which, when activated under certain conditions, could lead to oncogenic transformation of the cells.
Discussion
2939.

Question : What are the causes for loss of biodiversity?

Answer»

SOLUTION :(a) Habitat loss and fragmentation : Habitats are destroyed by many human activities. It is the PRIMARY cause for loss of biodiversity of habitat. Human settlements, harbors, dams, reservoirs, roads, railway lines, industries, mines etc., have reduced the natural habitats of wild life. Fragmentation develops barriers which limit potential of one species to colonize new areas. The species now BECOMES more vulnerable to extinction by means of fire, wind and predators. Deforestation leads to decrease in population of species and also reduces the area of free movement of wild animals, and this may lower their reproductive capacity. Environmental pollution has degraded many important habitats, resulting in decrease in life.
(b) Over-exploitation : Humans have always depended on nature for food and shelter, but when. need. turns to .greed., it leads to overexploitation of natural resources. Extinctions of Steller.s cow, passenger PIGEON were due to over exploitation by humans.
(c) Alien species invasions: Intentional or chance introduction of exotic species into new islands or countries by man adversely affects the native species. The Nile perch introduced into Lake Victoria led to the extinction of more than 200 species of CICHLID fish in the lake.
(d) Co-extinctions: Co extinction of a species is the loss of one species upon the extinction of another. An example is the case of a coevolved plant-pollinator. Mutualism where extinction of one invariably leads to the extinction of the other.
Discussion
2940.

Question : What are the causes of deforestation?

Answer»

Solution :CAUSES of deforestation :
(1) Intensive collection of firewood.
(2) CLEARING the land for agriculture.
(3) Developing pastures for grazing animals.
(4) Carrying out mining activities.
(5) Earning foreign EXCHANGE by selling wood.
(6) Obtaining land for construction of roads, buildings and dams.
(7) Increasing demand for timber wood.
(8) Acquiring land for industries.
(9) Natural CALAMITIES such as wildfire, floods, earthquakes, storms, cyclones and volcanic ERUPTIONS.
Discussion
2941.

Question : What are the causative and symptoms of common cold?

Answer»

Solution :Rhino viruses represent one such groups of viruses which cause most infectious human ailment.
They infect the nose and RESPIRATORY passage but not the lungs.
Common cold is characterized by nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, hoarseness, cough, headache, tiredness, etc.
The above symptoms last for 3 to 7 days.
DROPLETS resulting from cough or sneezes of an infected person are either inhaled DIRECTLY or transmitted through contaminated objects such as pens, books, cups, doorknobs, computer keyboard and mouse, etc. and cause infection in a healthy person.
Discussion
2942.

Question : What are the Bio - fertilizers Mention their role in agriculture ?

Answer»

Solution :Biofertilisers are formulation of living microorganisms that enrich the nnutrient quality of the soil . They INCREASES physico - chemical PROPERTIES of soils such assoil structure , TEXTURE, water holding capacity cation exchange capacity and pH providing several nutrients and sufficient organic matter.
Discussion
2943.

Question : What are the bile pigments ?

Answer»


ANSWER :BILIRUBIN and BILIVERDIN
Discussion
2944.

Question :What are the best sources of stem cells in mammals?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Placenta, UMBILICAL cord, AMNIOTIC SAC, amniotic FLUID.
Discussion
2945.

Question : Write the benefits and risk of Genetically Modified Foods .

Answer»

Solution :GM Food - Benefits :
`**` High yield WITHOUT PEST.
`**` 70% reduction of PESTICIDE usage.
`**` Reduce soil pollution PROBLEM.
`**` Conserve microbial population in soil.
Discussion
2946.

Question : What are the benefits of Being Healthy ?

Answer»

Solution :A healthy person is more efficient at WORK. A healthy person increases productivity thus brings economic PROSPERITY in his life. A healthy person increases longevity of people. Maternal mortality and INFANT mortality is REDUCED.
Discussion
2947.

Question : What are the basic factors of modern synthetic theory that leads to evolution?

Answer»

Solution :Gene mutation, Chromosomal mutation, GENETIC RECOMBINATION, NATURAL selection and REPRODUCTIVE isolation.
Discussion
2948.

Question : What are the basic characteristics of a modern landfil site. List any three and also mention the reasons for their use.

Answer»

Solution :Characteristics of a modern landfill include: Methods to CONTAIN leachate such as lining clay or PLASTIC LINERS.
Compaction and covering of the WASTE to prevent it from being blown by wind.
Installation of a landfill gas EXTRACTION system to extract the gas for use in generation of power.
Discussion
2949.

Question : List any three applications of karyotype.

Answer»

Solution :Karyotyping helpsin gender INDENTIFICATION.
It is used to detect thechromosomalaberrationslikedelection, duplication, translocation, non -disjunction ofchromosomes.
It HELPSTO IDENTIFYTHE abnormalitiesof chromosomeslikeaneuploidy.
It is also used in predictingthe evolutionaryrelationships between SPECIES.
Genetic diseases in humanbeingscan bedetectedby thistechnique.
Discussion
2950.

Question : What are the application and future challenges of HGP ?

Answer»

Solution :Deriving meaningful knowledge from the DNA SEQUENCES will define research through the coming decades leading to our understanding of biological systems.
This enormous task will require the expertise and creativity of tens of thousands of scientists from varied disciplines in both the public and private sectors worldwide.
One of the greatest impacts of having the HG sequence may well be enabling a radically new approach to biological research.
In the past, researchers studied one or a few genes at a time.
With whole genome sequences and new high throughput technologies, we can approach questions systematically and on a much broader SCALE.
They can study all the genes in a genome for example, all the transcripts in a particular TISSUE or organ or tumor or now tens of thousands of genes and proteins WORK together in interconnected NETWORKS to orchestrate the chemistry of life.
Discussion