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3001.	Question : What are producers in an ecosystem?
Answer» SOLUTION :The GREEN PLANT in the ecosystem-terminology are CALLED PRODUCERS.

3002.	Question : What are primary metabolites ? Give example.
Answer» SOLUTION :METABOLITES produced for the maintenance of life PROCESS of microbes are known as PRIMARY metabolites. E.g Ethanol , citric acidand acetic ACID.

3003.	Question : What are present in blood but not in ultrafiltrate?
Answer» ANSWER :BLOOD CELL and PLASMA PROTEINS

3004.	Question : What are polylinkers ?
Answer» SOLUTION :MOSTLY cloning vectors have more than one RESTRICTION sites. These are called as Multiple Cloning Site (MCS) or polylinkers. PRESENCE of MCS facilitates the USE of restriction enzyme of choice.

3005.	Question : What are ploner species in ecological succession ?
Answer» SOLUTION :The SPECIES thatinvades BARE areaare CALLED PIONEER species .

3006.	Question : What are plasmogenes?
Answer» Solution :PLASMOGENES INDEPENDENT , self - REPLICATING , extra - chromosome unit LOCATED in cytoplasmic organelles, chloroplast and mitochondrion

3007.	Question : What are plasmids?
Answer» Solution :PLASMIDS are extra chromosomal CIRCULAR DOUBLE stranded DNA capable of self-replication and self-regulation.

3008.	Question : (a) What are pioneer species in ecological succession?
Answer» SOLUTION :The species that invade the BARE AREA are termed as PIONEER species.

3009.	Question : What are physical pollutants of water ?
Answer» ANSWER :A::B::D

3010.	Question : What are Peyer's patches.
Answer» Solution :Peyer,s PATCHES are oval-shaped areas of THICKENED tissue that are embedded in the mucus-secreting LINING of the small intenstine of human and other vertebrate animals.Peyer.s patches contain a variety of immune cells,INCLUDING MACROPHAGES ,dendritic cells,T cells,and B cells

3011.	Question : What are pathogens ?
Answer» Solution :A wide range of organisms belonging to bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, helminths, etc., could CAUSE disease in man. Such disease causing organisms are called pathogens. Most parasites are therefore pathogens as they cause harm to the host by living in or on them. Pathogens can enter the body through VARIOUS means, multiply and INTERFERE with normal vital activities, which results in morphological and functional damage. Pathogens must have the ABILITY to adapt to life within the environment of the host. For example, pathogens entering gut must know how to survive in stomach at low pH and resisting the various digestive enzymes

3012.	Question : What are parenchyma containing chlorophyll called?
Answer» ANSWER :CHLORENCHYMA

3013.	Question : What are particulate matter?
Answer» SOLUTION :Particulate MATTERS are tiny PARTICLES of solid matter suspended in a gas or liquid. COMBUSTION of fossil fuels, fly ash produced in thermal POWER plants, forest fires, asbestos mining units and cement factories are the main sources of particulate matter pollution.

3014.	Question : What are palindromic nucleotide sequences ? Write the restrictions site for Eco - RI enzyme.
Answer» Solution :The PALINDROME in DNA is a sequence of BASE pairs that read the same on the TWO stands in 5.3. direction and in 3S. direction Restriction SITE 5.-GAATTC -3. 3.-CTTAAG-5.

3015.	Question : What are panspermia?
Answer» Solution :Panspermia are cosmozoa which were considered to be spores through which life CAME on the EARTH from DISTANT PLANETS.

3016.	Question : What are opioids and what is there source ?
Answer» Solution :Opioids are the drugs, which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Opioids is dry latex. It is obtained by making fissure in unripe fruits. It is CONVERTED in brownish COLOR the NEXT day, which is sticky and round substance. Now it is known as opium. Unripe seeds of opioids are used as medicine. As the seeds become RIPEN, its medicinal properties VANISH and it is used as food. Morphine and codeine are pain reliving drug obtained from opioids.

3017.	Question : What are National parks ?
Answer» Solution :(a) National parks : These are government maintained areas (90 in India), RESERVED for the betterment of wildlife and where activities such as cultivation, GRAZING, forestry and habitat MANIPULATION are not ALLOWED. The first National PARK to be established in India was in 1936 is Hailey.s National Park.

3018.	Question : What are Multiple Cloning Site (MCS)? Mention its role in r - DNA technology.
Answer» Solution :Most of the cloning vectors USED in r - DNA TECHNOLOGY have more than one restriction SITE. These are called Multiple Cloning Site (MCS). They facilitate the use of restriction ENZYME of choice.

3019.	Question : What are multipurpose trees? Give the botanical and local names of any two multipurpose trees known to you and list their uses.
Answer» Solution :Multipurpose trees are that which are grown for more than one purpose or BENEFITS. They may provide food in the form of fruit, SEEDS, or roots, and also provides FIREWOOD, medicines, fibres, etc. (i) Neem (Azadirachtaindica): Used as insect repellent, antibiotic, firewood and windbreaks. (ii) Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera): Used for food, PURIFIED water (juice from inside the coconut), roof thatching, firewood, shade and rope making.

3020.	Question : What are multiple alleles ? Give an example.
Answer» Solution : If a SINGLE character is governed by more than two alleles, it is called as MULTIPLE alleles. Example : ABO blood group in HUMAN.

3021.	Question : What are multiple alleles? Give an example.
Answer» SOLUTION :Three or more ALTERNATIVE forms of a gene that occupy the same locus and control the expression of a single TRAIT. E.g.:ABO BLOOD group

3022.	Question : What are moulds and casts ?
Answer» Solution :EVEN after disintegration, the BODY of an animal MIGHT leave INDELIBLE impression on the soft mud which LATER becomes hardened into stones. Such impressions are called moulds. The cavities of the moulds may get filled up by hard minerals and get fossilized, which are called casts.

3023.	Question : What are most common soil pollutant ?
Answer» ANSWER :A::C

3024.	Question : What are millets? What are its types ? Give example for each type.
Answer» Solution :Millet is the term applied to a variety of very SMALL SEEDS originally CULTIVATED by ancient people in AFRICA and Asia. They are gluten-free with less glycemic index. Types of millet: (a) MAJOR millets - E.g: Ragi (Eleusine coracana) (b) Minor millets - E.g: Foxtail millet (Setaria italica)

3025.	Question : What are micro-mutations
Answer» UNION of CHROMOSOMES REDUCTION of chromosomes CHANGES in genes Polyploidy Answer :C

3026.	Question : What are micro-organisms?
Answer» SOLUTION :Organisms observed only under MICROSCOPE e.g. BACTERIA, viruses, fungi, ETC.

3027.	Question : What are methanogens?
Answer» Solution :The bacteria which are RESPONSIBLE for the production of biogas are CALLED METHANOGENS.

3028.	Question : What are Mendelian disorders ? Give two examples.
Answer» SOLUTION :The DISORDERS caused due to MUTATION in the single gene. Ex : HAEMOPHILIA, Sickle cellanaemia.

3029.	Question :What are meiocytes?
Answer» Solution :Meiocytes are specialised cells of DIPLOID ORGANISMS, undergo meiosis to form HAPLOID cells/gametes.

3030.	Question : What are meiocytes? Mention the chromosome number in meiocyte of human beings.
Answer» SOLUTION :Meiocytes (gamete mother cells) are the SPECIALISED cells in DIPLOID organisms that undergo MEIOSIS. The chromosome number in human meiocyte =46

3031.	Question : What are meiocytes ?
Answer» Solution :A diploid parent body LIKE pteridophyta, gymnosperm, ANGIOSPERM and most of the animals GAMETES are produced by meiosis. In diploid organism the meiocytes (gamete mother cell) undergo meiosis. At the END of meiosis, only one set of chromosomes (n) GETS incorporated in each gamete. Table : Chromosome numbers in meiocytes (diploid, 2n) and Gametes (haploid, n) of some organisms.

3032.	Question : What are medical wastes?
Answer» Solution :Any kind of waste that contains infectious MATERIAL GENERATED by HOSPITALS, laboratories, medical research centers, Pharmaceutical companies and Veterinary CLINICS are CALLED medical wastes.

3033.	Question : What are lymphoid organs?Mention its types.
Answer» SOLUTION :The organs involved in the origin ,MATURATION and proliferation on LYMPHOCYTES are CALLED lymphoid organs.Based on their functions,they are classified into primary or central lumphoid organs and SECONDARY or peipheral lymphoid organs.

3034.	Question : What are lifestyle diseases ? How are they caused ? Name any two such diseases.
Answer» Solution :Lifestyle diseases are DEFINED as diseases linked with the way people live their life. It is due to improper CHANGE in the livingenvironment. This is commonly caused by ALCOHOL, drug and smoking abuse as WELL as lack of physical activity and unhealthy eating. Diseases that impact on our lifestyle are heart DISEASE, stroke and obesity, cancer etc.

3035.	Question : What are linked genes ?
Answer» SOLUTION :Genes LOCATED CLOSE together on the same chromosome and INHERITED together are called linked genes.

3036.	Question : Define linkage groups.
Answer» Solution :The groups of LINEARLY arranged LINKED GENES on a CHROMOSOME are called LINKAGE groups.

3037.	Question : What are Leydig's cells?
Answer» SOLUTION :ENDOCRINE cells of testes, secrete HORMONE TESTOSTERONE

3038.	Question : What are lethal alleles ? Give example.
Answer» SOLUTION :An allele which has the potential to CAUSE the DEATH of an organism is called a LETHAL ALLEL.

3039.	Question : Whatare key stone species ?
Answer» SOLUTION :These are the organisms that HELP of maintain SPECIES diversitywithin an ecosystem by keepingthe numberof other species in an ecosystem CONSTANT.

3040.	Question : What are IUDs ? Give its types and effects.
Answer» Solution : The devices inserted in the uterus through vagina are called intra uterine devices (IUDs). IUDs are of two TYPES : (a) Non medicated IUDs eg. Lippes loop,copper releasing IUDs (Cut, CU7,Multiload 375 and (b) Hormone releasing IUDs (Progestasert, LNG-20) IUDs increase phagocytosis of SPERM WITHIN the uterus and the Cu ions released suppress sperm MOTILITY and the fertilizing capacity of sperm.The hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms. IUDs are ideal contraceptive for the female who want to delay pregnancy and or / space children.

3041.	Question : What are IUD's? Explain its way of functioning. Also describe their types.
Answer» Solution :Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) are inserted by medical experts in the uterus through the vagina. These devices are available as copper RELEASING IUDs, hormone releasing IUDs and nonmedicated IUDs. IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus. IUDs are the ideal contraceptives for females who want to delay pregnancy. It is one of the popular methods of contraception in India and has a success rate of 95 to 99%. Copper releasing IUDs differ from each other by the amount of copper. Copper IUDs such as Cu T-380 A, Nova T, Cu 7, Cu T 380 Ag, Multiload 375, etc. release free copper and copper salts into the uterus and suppress sperm motility. They can remain in the uterus for five to ten years. Hormone-releasing IUDs such as Progestasert and LNG - 20 are often called as intrauterine systems (IUS). They increase the viscosity of the CERVICAL mucus and THEREBY prevent sperms from entering the cervix. Non-medicated IUDs are made of PLASTIC or stainless steel. Lippes loop is a double S-shaped plastic DEVICE.

3042.	Question : Whatare invasivespecies ?
Answer» SOLUTION :It ISA foregion SPECIES that GROW and reproducerapidally causingmajor disturbancein the HABITATS .

3043.	Question : What are interferons ? How do interferons check infection of new cells?
Answer» Solution :Interferons are natural proteins produced by the CELLS of IMMUNE system in response to foreign agents such as viruses, tumor cells and parasites. It protect non-infected cells from further INFECTION. Interferons inhibit the viral replication within host cells, activate natural killer cells and MACROPHAGES, increases antigen presentation to lymphocytes. It inducesthe resistance of host cells to viral infection. When the antigen is presented to matching T-cells. and B-cells, these cells multiply and REMOVE the foreign substance.

3044.	Question : What are interferons ? Mention their role.
Answer» Solution :INTERFERONS are the ANTIVIRAL protiens which INDUCE antiviral STATE in the INFECTED cells.

3045.	Question : What are interferons?
Answer» SOLUTION :Interferons are the ANTIVIRAL proteins /drugs secreted by viral infected CELLS. They PREVENT multiplication of virus.

3046.	Question : What are included in AIMS of biodiversity ?
Answer» ECOSYSTEM studies included We can identify hot spot We can STUDY geographical AREAS All GIVEN Solution :All given

3047.	Question : What are hygrophytes? Give example.
Answer» Solution :The plants which can GROW in moist damp and SHADY places are called hygrophytes. EXAMPLES: Habenaria (ORCHID) and Mosses (Bryophytes), ETC.

3048.	Question : What are homologous chromosomes?
Answer» Solution :The CHROMOSOMES which are MORPHOLOGICALLY and GENETICALLY IDENTICAL are called homologous chromosomes.

3049.	Question : What are homologous organs? Mention any two examples.
Answer» Solution :The organs with same structural design/similar anatomical structure and developmental origin but differing in their functions are called homologous organs, 1) FORELIMB of human being is homologous to forelimbs of whales and bats. 2) Vertebrate heart or brains. 3) THORN and tendrils Bougainvillia and CUCURBITA.

3050.	Question : What are Homogometes and Heterogametes?
Answer» SOLUTION :Homogametes: Two gametes similar in appearance. HETEROGAMETES : Gametes are of two different distinct TYPES morphologically different types.

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