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3051.

Question : What are holandric genes?

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Solution :The GENES PRESENT in the differential REGION of Y chromosome are called Y-linked or holandric genes. The Y linked genes have no corresponding ALLELE in X chromosome.
Discussion
3052.

Question : What are Holoparasites? Give example.

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Solution :The organisms which are DEPENDENT upon the host plants for their ENTIRE nutrition are called Holoparasites. They are also called total parasites.
Example: CUSCUTA is a total stem parasite of the host PLANT Acocia.
Discussion
3053.

Question : What are holandric genes? Give one example of the same.

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SOLUTION :GENES present on non homologous region of Y CHROMOSOME are called holandric genes. E.G. Hypertrichosis or HAIRY ear pinna.
Discussion
3054.

Question :(a) What are hermaphrodites? Mention one example,(b) Offsprings of usexual reproduction are called clones. Why?

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Solution :The ANIMALS BEARING both male and female SEX ORGANS are CALLED hermophrodites.
Discussion
3055.

Question : What are hermaphrodites? Give two examples for hermaphrodite animals.

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Solution :Hermaphrodites are those bisexual organisms which POSSESS both male and female REPRODUCTIVE organs. E.g. EARTHWORM, Round worm
Discussion
3056.

Question : What are Hermaphrodites ? Give two examples.

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Solution :The ANIMALS which possess both male and female REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS in them are called as HERMAPHRODITES. e.gu, Tapeworm, earthworm.
Discussion
3057.

Question : What are hermaphrodites?

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Solution :The bisexual ANIMALS that possess both male and FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS.
Discussion
3058.

Question : What are hermaphrodites? give an example

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SOLUTION :The animals BEARING both male and FEMALE sex organs are called HERMAPHRODITES, eg., Earthworms, sponge.
Discussion
3059.

Question : What are Hemiparasites?

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Solution :HEMIPARASITES is the organisms which derive only water and minerals from their HOST plant while synthesizing their own food by PHOTOSYNTHESIS are called Hemiparasites. They are also called PARTIAL parasites.
Example: Viscum.
Discussion
3060.

Question : What are hatchlings?

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SOLUTION :Newly-hatched YOUNG ONES of FISHES
Discussion
3061.

Question : What are hallucinogens?

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SOLUTION :Drugs which CHANGE THOUGHTS, feelings, etc. so are also called psychodelic drugs.
Discussion
3062.

Question : What are Haptens?

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Solution :Haptens are substance that are non-immunogenic but can REACT with the products of a specific immune RESPONSE
Discussion
3063.

Question :What are greenhouse gases? Give an example.

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Solution :The gases that CAPTURE HEAT are CALLED Green HOUSE Gases. E.g: Carbon dioxide `(CO_2)`
Discussion
3064.

Question : What are gibberellins ? Give the applications of gibberellins.

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Solution :Gibberellins are group of PLANT hormones that reuulate the growth and influence various developmental process, including stem ELONGATION, germinatiod dormancy etc.
Applications of gibherellins :
1. Gibherellins help in Lhe floweri ng of many long day plants.
2. They DELAY fruits maturity and senescence in lemons, oranges and cherries. This helps in storing the fruits .
3. They help in breaking dormancy and help in fruit growth .
Discussion
3065.

Question : What are geological repositories ?

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SOLUTION :Geological Repositories - A deep geological repository is a nuclear waste repository excavated deep within a stable geoloic environment. It is SUITED to provide a high level of long-term isolation and containment without future MAINTENANCE. In INDIA at tarapur and kalpakkam, a wet storage facility of SPEND Fuel is the main mode of storage.
Discussion
3066.

Question : What are genetically modified organisms? Name two Bt- toxin producing plants

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Solution :Plants, BACTERIA, fungi and animals WHOSE genes have been alerted by manipulation are called genetically modified organisms (GMO)BT tomato and CORN.
Discussion
3067.

Question : What are genetically modified organisms? How are GM plants useful?

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Solution :Plants, bacteria, fungi and ANIMALS whose genes have been altered by MANIPULATION are called genetically modified ORGANISMS(GMO).
GM plants are useful in many WAYS.
(a) GM crops are more tolerant to abiotic stresses (Cold, drought, salt, heat)
(b) Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides (Pest resistant crops)
(c) Help to reduce post harvest losses
(d) Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants (this prevents early exhaustion of soil fertility)
(e) ENHANCED utritional value of food eg :- Vitamin "A" enriched rice.
Discussion
3068.

Question : What are Genetic material ?

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Solution :At the TIME of Mendel, the nature of factors. regulating the PATTERN of inheritance was not CLEAR.
Over the next hundred years, the nature of the putative genetic material was investigated culminating in the realisation that DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid - is the genetic material.
Nucleic acids are polymers of NUCLEOTIDES.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two types of nucleic acids found in living systems.
DNA acts as the genetic material in most of the organisms.
RNA though it also acts as a genetic material in some viruses, mostly functions as messenger. RNA has additional roles as well.
It functions as adapter, structural and in some cases as a catalytic molecule.
Discussion
3069.

Question : What are gemmules?

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Solution :Internal asexual REPRODUCTIVE units or BUDS in SPONGES are called gemmules.
Discussion
3070.

Question : What are fossil mould and fossil cast?

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SOLUTION :Fossil mould is an impression of the body parts LEFT on the soft mud of the OCEANIC floor while the fossil cast is the cavity of mould that is FILLED with MINERALS.
Discussion
3071.

Question : What are floes ?

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Solution :MASSES of bacteria ASSOCIATED with fungal FILAMENTS to form mesh like STRUCTURES during secondary TREATMENT of sewage.
Discussion
3072.

Question : What are flocs used in secondary sewage treatment?

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SOLUTION :FLOCS are the masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments which form mesh LIKE structures due to VIGOROUS growth of useful aerobic microbes.
Discussion
3073.

Question : What are ‘flocs’? State their role in effluent treatment and their ultimate fate in sewage treatment tank.

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Solution :Flocs: It is the masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh like structure.
Effluent treatment: The treated sewage effluent is subjected to CHEMICAL treatment for disinfection before releasing it into NATURAL water bodies like rivers and STREAMS.
Sewage treatment: The BOD of sewage or WASTE water is reduced significantly. The effluent is then passed into a settling tank where the bacterial ‘flocs’ are allowed to sediment. It is called activated sludge.
Discussion
3074.

Question : What are flocs? Discuss their role in sewage treatment.

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Solution : FLOCS are large MASSES of semidecayed organic waste and MICROBES surrounded by slime. They settle down at the bottom of sewage tanks and act as SECONDARY or activated sludge. They are used as INOCULUM and also as anaerobic digesters for biogas generation.
Discussion
3075.

Question :What are fermentors ?

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Solution :Even in industry, MICROBES are used to synthesise SEVERAL products valuable to human beings. Beverages and antibiotics are some of the examples. PRODUCTION on an industrial scale, requires growing microbes in very LARGE VESSELS called fermenters
Discussion
3076.

Question :What are fermentors?

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SOLUTION :Fermentors are very LARGE sized vessels where microbes are grown for the synthesising products VALUABLE to HUMAN beings on industrial scale.
Discussion
3077.

Question : What are factors ?

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Solution :ACCORDING to law of DOMINANCE, the characters are controlled by discrete UNITS called factors which occur in pairs. In a dissimialr PAIR of factors one member of the pair is dominant and the other is recessive. Mendel referred to genes as factors.
Discussion
3078.

Question : What are expression vectors.

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Solution :Vectors which are suitable for EXPRESSING FOREIGN proteins are called EXPRESSION vectors. This VECTOR consists of signals necessary for TRANSCRIPTION and translation of proteins in the host. This helps the host to produce foreign portion in large amount . Example : pUC 19.
Discussion
3079.

Question : What are exotic species?

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Solution :xotic SPECIES are organisms OFTEN introduced unintentionally or deliberately for commercial PURPOSE, as biological control agents and other uses. They often become invasive and anive away the local species and is considered as the second major cause for extinction of species Exotic species have proved harmful to both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. TILAPIA fish (Jilabi kendai (Oreochromis mosambicus) introduced from east coast of South Africa in 1952 for its high productivity into Kerala.s inland waters, BECAME invasive, due to which the native species such as Puntius dubius and Labeo kontius face local extinction.
Discussion
3080.

Question : What are exonucleases?

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Solution : GENETICALLY engineered to BECOME non-pathogenic, by modifying TUMOUR inducing Ti-plasmid
Discussion
3081.

Question : What are Eurythermic species?

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Solution :Species that TOLERATE wide range of TEMPERATURE are called Eurythermic species.
Discussion
3082.

Question : What are Eurythermal organisms? Give examples.

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SOLUTION :The group organisms which can TOLERATE and THRIVE in a wide range of temperatures, such are CALLED as Eurythermal organisms.
Discussion
3083.

Question : What are eurythermal organisms?

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Solution :ORGANISM that can tolerate and THRIVE in wide range of TEMPERATURES.
Discussion
3084.

Question : What are Euryhaline organisms?

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SOLUTION :Some ORGANISMS are tolerant to wide RANGE of SALINITIES. or Organisms which are tolerant to wide range of salinities.
Discussion
3085.

Question : What areEuro II norms?

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Solution :i) SULPHUR be controlledat 350ppmin diesel and 150ppm in the PETROL .
II) Aromatichydrocarbonsare to becontainedat 42%of concerned FUEL.
Discussion
3086.

Question : What are epitope and paratope?

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Solution :Epitope is ANTIGENIC determinant which is present on the ANTIGENS and paratrope is ANTIGEN binding site that is present on the antibodies.
Discussion
3087.

Question : Whatare Euro II norms ?

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Solution :(i) SULPHURE be controlledat 350 ppm in diesel and 150 ppmin the pertol .
(ii) Aromatichydrocarbonsare to becontained at 42% of CONCERNED fuel.
Discussion
3088.

Question : What are epigynous flowers? Give example

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Solution :The FLOWER in which the MARGIN of the thalamus fuses with the OVARY and the thalamus fuses with the ovary and the thalamus grows upwards enclosing the ovary completely, while the other parts of the flower arise above the ovary are called epigynous FLOWERS.
Discussion
3089.

Question : What are epiphytes? Explain their characteristic features.

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SOLUTION :The plants which are found GROWING on other plants without HARMING them are called epiphytes. They are commonly found in tropical rain forest.
The epiphytic higher plant (Orchids) gets its nutrients and water from the atmosphere with the help of their hygroscopic roots which contain special type of spongy tissue called Velamen. So it PREPARES its own food and does not depend on the HOST. They use the host plant only for support and does not harm.
Discussion
3090.

Question : What are eobionts?

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Solution :These are coacervates ALONG with WATER and SURROUNDING membrane with duplicating molecules which COULD multiply.
Discussion
3091.

Question : What are endospermic and nonendospermic seeds? Give one example of each.

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Solution :(1) The nutritive tissue formed in the embryo sac of a flowering plant following the fusion of a male gamete and the secondary nucleus of the FEMALE gametophyte is called endosperm.
(2) The product of this fusion, i.e., primary endosperm nucleus is therefore triploid (3n) in nature.
(3) The primary endosperm nucleus divides and redivides by free nuclear division and forms a nutritive tissue, called endosperm.
(4) In some seeds, for example, pea, BEAN, gram, GROUNDNUT, etc., the endorperm is completely utilised by the growing embryo before the development of the seed.
(5) Owing to this, the cotyledons of these seeds BECOME thick and fleshy, forming the nonendospermic seeds.
(6) In seeds of castor, maize and wheat, on the other hand, the endosperm is not utilised by the developing embryo.
(7) Instead, both endosperm and embryo develop simultaneously forming endospermic seeds.
Discussion
3092.

Question : What are electronic waste (e - waste) ?

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Solution :Irreparable computers and other electronic goods are known as electronic wastes.
These WASTE are burried in landfills or are exported to developing countries, MAINLY CHINA, INDIA and Pakistan.
Copper, iron, silicon, nickel and gold are recovered during RECYCLING process.
In these countries manual participation for recycling exposes the workers to toxic materials present in e-waste.
Discussion
3093.

Question : What are endemic species?

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SOLUTION :It referto thespecies which is FOUND ONLYIN a particulararea because of ISOLATIONAND climaticcondition.
Discussion
3094.

Question : Write notes on edible vaccines? Where do they target?

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Solution :Edible vaccines are PREPARED by molecular pharming USING the science of GENETIC engineering Selected genes are introduccd into plants and the transgenic plants are induced to manutacture the encoded protein. Edible vaccines are mucosal targeted vaccines which cause stimulati0n of both systemic and mucosal immune response. At present edible vaccines are PRODUCED ror human and animal discases like measles, cholera, foot and mouth discase and hepatitis.
Discussion
3095.

Question : What are ecological pyramids? Draw an ideal pyramid of energy and mention its units.

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Solution :The REPRESENTATION of a FOOD CHAIN in the form of a PYRAMID is called ecological pyramid.
Discussion
3096.

Question : Explain various edaphic factors that affect vegetation.

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Solution :EDAPHIC factors are the ABIOTIC factors related to soil, include the physical and CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of the soil FORMED in a particular area.
Discussion
3097.

Question : What are Ectoparasites and Endoparasites? List any three parasite adaptations in animals?

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Solution :The group of parasitic animals FEEDS on the external SURFACE of the host organisms, such are called as ECTOPARASITES.
The group of parasitic animals that live inside the host body at different sites, such are called as ENDOPARASITES.
The parasitic adaptations in animals are
Loss of unnecessary sense organs
Presence of adhesive sense organs
Loss of digestive SYSTEM
High reproductive capacity
Complex life cycle involving one or two intermediate hosts.
Discussion
3098.

Question : What are ecological equivalents? Give one example.

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Solution :Taxonomically different species OCCUPYING similar habitats (Niches) in different geographical REGIONS are called Ecological equivalents.
E.g: Certain species of epiphytic orchids of Western Ghats of India DIFFER from the epiphytic orchids of SOUTH America. But they are epiphytes.
Discussion
3099.

Question : What are e-wastes? Why are they creating more problem in developing countries in comparison to developed countries ?

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Solution : (a) Irreparable COMPUTERS and other electronic wastes. (b) Recycling in DEVELOPING countries involves manual PARTICIPATION thus EXPOSING workers to toxic substances. In developed countries its mechanised so less DANGEROUS.
Discussion
3100.

Question : What are ecological adaptation of succulents ?

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ANSWER :XEROPHYTIC
Discussion