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Thekneeis a modified hinge joint, a type of synovial joint, which is composed of three functional compartments: the patellofemoral articulation, consisting of the patella, or "kneecap", and the patellar groove on the front of the femur through which it slides;

Root cap in dicots is formed from Procambium

Simplepermanenttissuesare of threetypes: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma.

Apical meristem is present in growing tips of stems and roots of plants.

Sclerenchymatissue makes up the husk of coconut.

The constituents of phloem tissue are:

(i) Sieve tubes (tubular living cells with perforated end walls)

(ii) Companion cell (living cells)

(iii) Phloem parenchyma (living cells)

(iv) Phloem fibres (non-living and sclerenchyma cells)

i) The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.(ii) Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future, which has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.(iii) Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.Hence, there is a primary need to use renewable energy sources like solar, wind, tidal, biomas and energy from waste material. They are called non-conventional sources of energy.Non-Conventional Source #1. Solar Energy:

Utilisation of solar energy is of great importance to India, since it lies in a tropical climate region of the world where sunlight is abundant for a major part of the year. Solar energy has the greatest potential of all the sources of renewable energy and if only a small amount of this form of energy could be used, it will be one of the most important supplies of energy specially when other sources in the country have depleted. Sun is regarded as an inexhaustible source of useful energy.

Non-Conventional Source #2. Wind Energy:

Winds arise primarily from temperature difference of the earth’s surface resulting from unequal exposure to (or absorption of) solar radiation. Air heated by contact with a warmer surface tends to rise, and cooler air from a less heated surface flows in, to take this place; the resulting air flow constituted wind. Wind energy is thus a form of solar energy. Like direct solar energy, wind energy is also highly variable.Non-Conventional Source #3. Ocean Energy:

Solar radiation is absorbed by the seas and oceans, which causes, like the wind, ocean currents and moderate temperature gradients from the water surface downward, especially in tropical waters. The oceans and seas constitute about 70 per cent of the earth’s surface area; hence, they represent a large storage reservoir of the solar input.

Conventional Sources of Energy

I. The sources of energy which have been in use for a long time, e.g., coal, petroleum, natural gas and water power.

II. They are exhaustible except water.

III. They cause pollution when used, as they emit smoke and ash.

IV. They are very expensive to be maintained, stored and transmitted as they are carried over long distance through transmission grid and lines.

Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

I. The resources which are yet in the process of development over the past few years. It includes solar, wind, tidal, biogas, and biomass, geothermal.

II. They are inexhaustible.

III. They are generally pollution free.

IV. Less expensive due to local use and easy to maintain

DNA which are present in the nucleus are responsible to carry hereditary characters. DNA (deoxyraibonucleic acid ) contains the cellular nucleus of living organisms carries hereditary characters .

DNA is the right answer that carry hereditary characters

Chromosomes made from chromatin fibres carry hereditary characters.

1. Living things can move, but non-living things cannot.2. Energy is required by living things, while non-livings do not require energy.3. Living things are capable of growth, reproduction and death.4. Non-living things are non-motile, but living things can move around.5. Living things respire; non-living things do not respire.6. Living things adapt to the surroundings and respond to stimulus.

In multicellular organisms,severalcells are grouped toform tissues. These tissues perform particular function at a definite place in the body. For example, nerve cells from the nervous tissue which helps in transmission of messages. This is known as division of labour in multicellular organisms

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A major function is the modifying, sorting and packaging ofproteinsfor secretion. It is also involved in the transportoflipidsaround thecell, and the creation of lysosomes. The sacs or folds of the Golgi apparatus are called cisternae.

The job of theGolgi apparatusis to process and bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell.

Thenucleusis an organelle found in eukaryoticcells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of thecell'sgenetic material. This material is organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form chromosomes.

The correct term is conidia which is found in Alternaria

As dictyosomes are Golgi bodies ,option (2) is correct.

Ribosomes are the smallest organelle in the common cells. ... option a

correct answer - i) Ribosomes

Ribosomes - It was very easy question

ribosomes is the correct answer

1.Theunicellular organism removetheirwastesdirectly through the cell membrane by the process ofdiffusion.

2.Many unicellular organisms like Amoeba throw out their wastes by diffusion from their body surface. Protozoan’s have no organs for excretion. As they live in an aquatic habitat, their wastes are eliminated by diffusion through the plasma membrane.Simple multicellular organisms like Hydra throw out solid waste matter through their mouth. Higher multicellular organisms have well-defined specialized excretory organs. These organs could be simple tubular structures as in flatworms and leech.

The excretory organs of insects (e.g., grasshopper, cockroach and housefly) are also tubular. They remove nitrogenous wastes from the body fluid and help in maintaining the water balance in the body.

In vertebrates, the main organs of excretion and maintenance of water balance are the kidneys.

3. There are two bean-shaped kidneys that lie in the abdominal cavity, one on either side of the vertebral column.

4.Bowman’s capsule is a double-walled cuplike structure which surrounds the dense network of blood capillaries called the glomerulus.

Vegetative propagation, which is what plants more complex than ferns use. Strawberries and bermudagrass use vegetative propagation.

Anorganism uses outside raw materialsmostly in the form of food and oxygen.

Theraw materialsrequired by anorganismcan be quite varied depending on the complexity of theorganismand its environment.

Ans :- International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - ICZN

It stands for International code for Zoological Nomenclature

TheInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature(ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals

international code of zoological nomenclature

it stand for international code for Zoological Nemenclature

it stands for international code for zoological nomenclature

International code for Zoological Nomenclature

it stands for international code for zoological nomenclature

(ICZN) full form is international code of zoological nomenclature

International code for zoological Nomenclature

International code of zoological nomenclature

international code for zoological nomenclature.... (icon) ...

oxygen is transported in blood through lungs , carbon dioxide is transported in blood through tissues to lungs

The primary function of the respiratory system is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and reaches the alveoli. The layers of cells lining the alveoli and the surrounding capillaries are each only one cell thick and are in very close contact with each other. This barrier between air and blood averages about 1 micron (1/10,000 of a centimeter) in thickness. Oxygen passes quickly through this air-blood barrier into the blood in the capillaries. Similarly, carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli and is then exhaled.

Oxygenated blood travels from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and into the left side of the heart, which pumps the blood to the rest of the body (see Biology of the Heart and Blood Vessels: Function of the Heart). Oxygen-deficient, carbon dioxide-rich blood returns to the right side of the heart through two large veins, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. Then the blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide (see Biology of the Heart and Blood Vessels: Function of the Heart).

To support the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, about 6 to 10 liters of air per minute are brought in and out of the lungs, and about three tenths of a liter of oxygen is transferred from the alveoli to the blood each minute, even when the person is at rest. At the same time, a similar volume of carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the alveoli and is exhaled. During exercise, it is possible to breathe in and out more than 100 liters of air per minute and extract 3 liters of oxygen from this air per minute. The rate at which oxygen is used by the body is one measure of the rate of energy expended by the body. Breathing in and out is accomplished by respiratory muscles (see Biology of the Lungs and Airways: Diaphragm's Role in Breathing).

Three processes are essential for the transfer of oxygen from the outside air to the blood flowing through the lungs: ventilation, diffusion, and perfusion. Ventilation is the process by which air moves in and out of the lungs. Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of gases, without the use of any energy or effort by the body, between the gas in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries in the lungs. Perfusion is the process by which the cardiovascular system pumps blood throughout the lungs. The body's circulation is an essential link between the atmosphere, which contains oxygen, and the cells of the body, which consume oxygen. For example, the delivery of oxygen to the muscle cells throughout the body depends not only on the lungs but also on the ability of the blood to carry oxygen and on the ability of the circulation to transport blood to muscle.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

A) Transport of Oxygen in the blood

· 97% of oxygen carried with Hb from lungs to tissues

· remaining 3% dissolved in plasma

· oxygen reversibly combines with Hb maximum amount of O2 that can combine with the Hb of blood:

i) 15 gms Hb per 100 ml blood

ii) 1 gm Hb combines with 1.34 ml O2

iii) 100 ml blood combines with 20 ml O2 [100% saturated]

· amount of O2 released from Hb in the tissues:

i) Normal arterial blood: 100 ml blood combines with 19.4 ml O2 [97% sat; PO2 95]

ii) Venous blood: 100 ml blood combines with 14.4 ml O2 [75% sat; PO2 40 mm Hg]

iii) Thus, 5ml of O2 is transported by each 100 ml blood through the tissues per cycle

· transport of O2 during exercise:

i) Exercise —> increased cellular O2 utilization -> decreased interstitual PO2 [15mmHg]

ii) Venous blood: 100 ml blood combines with 4.4 ml O2 [20% sat; PO2 18 mmHg]

iii) Thus, 15ml of O2 is transported by each 100 ml blood through the tissues per cycle

iv) Therefore, increased cellular O2 utilization -> increase rate of O2 release from Hb

· utilization coefficient

i) utilization coefficient = fraction O2 released from blood as passes via tissue capillaries

ii) normally 0.25 [25%]

iii) strenuous exercise:- 0.75 - 0.85

· Hb helps maintain a constant PO2 in tissue fluids (oxygen buffer function of Hb) despite exercise or changes in atmospheric changes in PO2

· Effect of blood flow on metabolic use of oxygen

i) total amount of O2 available each minute for use in any given tissue is determined by:

a) quantity of O2 transported in each 100 ml blood

b) rate of blood flow

ii) if rate of blood flow approaches zero, amount of O2 available also approaches zero

· Transport of Oxygen in dissolved state

i) Normal arterial blood: 100 ml blood has dissolved 0.29 ml O2 [PO2 95 mmHg]

ii) Venous blood: 100 ml blood has dissolved 0.12 ml O2 [PO2 40 mm Hg]

iii) Thus, 0.17ml of O2 is transported by each 100 ml blood through the tissues per cycle in the dissolved state

Bohr Effect: increase in CO2 in blood will cause O2 to be displaced from the Hb thereby promoting O2 release in tissues [ie oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right]; reverse effect occurs in the lungs

B) Transport of Carbon dioxide in the blood

· Normally 4 ml of CO2 is transported from the tissues to the lungs in each 100 ml blood

· Gaseous CO2 (generally not bicarbonate) diffuses out of the cell

· Chemical forms in which CO2 is transported:

1) Dissolved state [7%]

i) arterial blood PCO2= 40 mmHg; 2.4 ml CO2 in 100 ml blood

ii) venous blood PCO2=45 mm Hg; 2.7 ml CO2 in 100 ml blood

iii) therefore, 1.3 ml is transported as dissolved CO2 by each 100 ml blood

2) Bicarbonate [70 %]

i) reaction of CO2 with water in rbc—> carbonic acid

ii) carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction of CO2 & H2O 5000 X

iii) carbonic acid —> H+ & HCO3-

iv) H+ combines with Hb (Hb is a powerful acid-base buffer)

v) HCO3- diffuse into plasma; Cl- diffuses into rbc [chloride shift]

vi) administration of an carbonic anhydrase inhibitor —> reduced CO2 transport —> elevated tissue PCO2

3) Carbaminohemoglobin [23%]

i) CO2 combines reversibly with Hb (and to a much lesser extent other plasma proteins)

· Haldane effect

i) is the effect of the oxygen-hemoglobin reaction on CO2 transport

ii) binding of O2 with Hb tends to displace CO2 from the blood

iii) Tissues: have increased CO2 uptake due to O2 removal from Hb

iv) Lungs: have increased release of CO2 because of O2 pickup by Hb

v) Due to increased acidity of Hb when combined with O2

vi) approximately doubles the amount of CO2 picked up in the tissues and released in the lungs

· the formation of carbonic acid decreases the pH in venous blood [effect is attenuated by buffers]

oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in blood through in Alveoli in lungs where the exchange of gases take place by the mean of diffusion

1. carrot

Let the number be x. x+12=43 x=43-12 x=31 So the number is 31.

Blood plasma contains 90 percent water and 10percentdissolved substanceswhich circulated throughout the body and diffuse into tissues and cells where they are needed.They are generally acomplex mixture of organic and inorganicsubstances that functiontransporting nutrients, gases, and vitamins; regulating fluid and electrolytes balances; and maintaining afavorablepH.

Excessive air- andwater-borne nitrogen from fertilizers may cause respiratoryailments, cardiac disease, and severalcancers, as well as can "inhibit crop growth, increase allergenic pollen production, and potentially affect the dynamics of several vector-borne diseases, including West Nile virus, malaria, and cholera.

Pesticidesare substances that are meant to controlpests, including weeds.The term pesticide includes all of the following:herbicide,insecticides(which may includeinsect growth regulators, termiticides,etc.)nematicide,molluscicide,piscicide,avicide,rodenticide,bactericide,insect repellent,animal repellent,antimicrobial,fungicide,disinfectant(antimicrobial), andsanitizer.

Pesticides are poisons and, unfortunately, they can harm more than just the “pests” at which they are targeted. They are toxic, and exposure to pesticides can not only cause a number of health effects, but is linked to a range of serious illnesses and diseases in humans, fromrespiratoryproblems tocancer.

Precautions for Preparing Spray Solution:1. Use clean water.2. Always protect nose, eyes, mouth, ears and hand.3.Use hand gloves, face mask and cover head with cap.4.Use polyethelene bags as hand gloves, handkerchiefs or piece ofclean cloth as mask and a cap or towel to cover the head (Do not use polyethelene bag contaminated with pesticides)5. Read the label on the container before preparing spray solution.6. Prepare spray solution as per requirement.7.Do not mix granules with water.8.Concentrated pesticides must not fall on hands etc. while opening sealed containers.9.Do not smell the sprayer tank.10. Avoid spilling of pesticide solution while filling the sprayer tank.11.The operator should protect his bare feet and hands with polyethelene bags.

due to photosynthesis.

photosynthesis is the answer

photosynthesis is the correct answer to this question

phototropism is the correct answer of this question..

Compost is better than using chemical fertilizers because composts produce manure which is good not only for plants but also soil by enriching its mineral availability and fertility. In case of chemical fertilizers they are not good for human consumption and its excess use decrease the fertility of soil as well.Therefore compost is much better than chemical fertilizers.

compost is better than chemical fertilizers because composts produce manure which is good for plants Therefore compost is much better than chemical fertilizers is the best answer

Synthetic fibers(British English: synthetic fibres) arefibersmade by humans withchemical synthesis, as opposed tonatural fibersthat humans get fromlivingorganisms with little or no chemical changes. Synthetic fibers are more durable than most natural fibers and will readily pick-up different dyes. In addition, many synthetic fibers offer consumer-friendly functions such as stretching, waterproofing and stain resistance. Sunlight, moisture, and oils from human skin cause all fibers to break down and wear away. Natural fibers tend to be much more sensitive than synthetic blends. This is mainly because natural products are biodegradable. Natural fibers are susceptible to larval insect infestation; synthetic fibers are not a good food source for fabric-damaging insects. Most of synthetic fibers' disadvantages are related to their lowmelting temperature:

Synthetic fibers burn more readily than natural.

Prone to heat damage.

Melt relatively easily.

Prone to damage by hot washing.

More electrostatic charge is generated by rubbing than with natural fibers.

Not skin friendly, so it is uncomfortable for long wearing

it is not a fiber it is fertilizer.

Synthetic fertilizers are man-made, inorganic fertilizers. They are normally derived from the by-products of the petroleum industry and include such ingredients as potassium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, superphosphate, and ammonium nitrate.

Most synthetic fertilizers do not contain as many of the micronutrients that plants frequently require for healthy growth. Synthetic fertilizers tend to be made up of a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur.

Chipko andolan is conncerned with saving trees from being cut and used for the selfish desires of humans and limiting the rate of deforestation.In chipko andolan,which occured several years ago for the very first time,women of certain villages stopped the forest officials from cutting down trees in the native forest by encircling the tree stem,which was symbolic of unity and also they demanded that they must be killed first before cutting the tree.

Chipko Andolan is concerned with conservation of natural resources