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Diabetes mellitus is characterized by abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood.

When the amount of glucose in the blood increases, e.g., after a meal, it triggers the release of the hormone insulin from the pancreas. Insulin stimulates muscle and fat cells to remove glucose from the blood and stimulates the liver to metabolize glucose, causing the blood sugar level to decrease tonormal levels.

In people with diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high. This may be because insulin is not being produced at all, is not made at sufficient levels, or is not as effective as it should be. The most common forms of diabetes are type 1 diabetes (5%), which is an autoimmune disorder, and type 2 diabetes (95%), which is associated with obesity. Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs in pregnancy, and other forms of diabetes are very rare and are caused by a single gene mutation.

For many years, scientists have been searching for clues in our genetic makeup that may explain why some people are more likely to get diabetes than others are. "The Genetic Landscape of Diabetes" introduces some of the genes that have been suggested to play a role in the development of diabetes.

History of Diabetes

Physicians have observed the effects of diabetes for thousands of years. For much of this time, little was known about this fatal disease that caused wasting away of the body, extreme thirst, and frequent urination. It wasn't until 1922 that the first patient was successfully treated with insulin.

One of the effects of diabetes is the presence of glucose in the urine (glucosuria). Ancient Hindu writings, many thousands of years old, document how black ants and flies were attracted to the urine of diabetics. The Indian physician Sushruta in 400 B.C. described the sweet taste of urine from affected individuals, and for many centuries to come, the sweet taste of urine was key to diagnosis.

Around 250 B.C., the name “diabetes” was first used. It is a Greek word that means “to syphon”, reflecting how diabetes seemed to rapidly drain fluid from the affected individual. The Greek physician Aretaeus noted that as affected individuals wasted away, they passed increasing amounts of urine as if there was “liquefaction of flesh and bones into urine”. The complete term “diabetes mellitus” was coined in 1674 by Thomas Willis, personal physician to King Charles II. Mellitus is Latin for honey, which is how Willis described the urine of diabetics (“as if imbued with honey and sugar”).

Up until the mid-1800s, the treatments offered for diabetes varied tremendously. Various “fad” diets were prescribed, and the use of opium was suggested, as were bleeding and other therapies. The most successful treatments were starvation diets in which calorie intake was severely restricted. Naturally, this was intolerable for the patient and at best extended life expectancy for a few years.

A breakthrough in the puzzle of diabetes came in 1889. German physicians Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski surgically removed the pancreas from dogs. The dogs immediately developed diabetes. Now that a link was established between the pancreas gland and diabetes, research focused on isolating the pancreatic extract that could treat diabetes.

When Dr. Frederick Banting took up the challenge of isolating a pancreatic extract, he was met with much skepticism. Many great physiologists had tried and failed to isolate an internal secretion from the pancreas. But Banting, a surgeon, persisted and in May 1921, he began work in the laboratory of Professor John Macloed in Toronto, Canada. Charles Best, a medical student at the time, worked as his assistant.

To concentrate what we now know as insulin, Banting tied the pancreatic ducts of dogs. The pancreatic cells that released digestive enzymes (and could also destroy insulin) degenerated, but the cells that secreted insulin were spared. Over several weeks the pancreas degenerated into a residue from which insulin could be extracted. In July 1921, a dog that had had its pancreas surgically removed was injected with an extract collected from a duct-tied dog. In the two hours that followed the injection, the blood sugar level of the dog fell, and its condition improved. Another de-pancreatized (diabetic-like) dog was kept alive for eight days by regular injections until supplies of the extract, at that time called "isletin", were exhausted.

Further experiments on dogs showed that extracts from the pancreas caused a drop in blood sugar, caused glucose in the urine to disappear, and produced a marked improvement in clinical condition. So long as the extract was being given, the dogs were kept alive. The supply of the extract was improved: the pancreas of different animals were used until that of the cow was settled upon. This extract kept a de-pancreatized dog alive for 70 days. Dr. J. Collip, a biochemist, was drafted to continue improving the purity of the pancreas extract, and later, Best carried on this work.

A young boy, Leonard Thompson, was the first patient to receive insulin treatment. On January 11, 1922, aged 14 and weighing only 64 pounds, he was extremely ill. The first injections of insulin only produced a slight lowering of blood sugar level. The extract still was not pure enough, and abscesses developed at the injection site. Collip continued to refine the extract. Several weeks later, Leonard was treated again and showed a remarkable recovery. His blood sugar levels fell, he gained weight and lived for another 13 years. He died from pneumonia at the age of 27.

During the spring of 1922, Best increased the production of insulin to enable the treatment of diabetic patients coming to the Toronto clinic. Over the next 60 years, insulin was further refined and purified, and long-acting and intermediate types were developed to provide more flexibility. A revolution came with the production of recombinant human DNA insulin in 1978. Instead of collecting insulin from animals, new human insulin could be synthesized.

In 1923, Banting and Macloed were awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of insulin. Banting split his prize with Best, and Macloed split his prize with Collip. In his Nobel Lecture, Banting concluded the following about their discovery:

“Insulin is not a cure for diabetes; it is a treatment. It enables the diabetic to burn sufficient carbohydrates, so that proteins and fats may be added to the diet in sufficient quantities to provide energy for the economic burdens of life.”

Six Main Sources of Water Pollution. Article shared by : Some of the important sources of water pollution are: (i)Domesticeffluents and sewage, (ii)Industrialeffluents, (iii)Agriculturaleffluents, (iv) Radioactive wastes, (v) Thermal pollution, and (vi)Oilpollution.

main source of water pollution is industry ,factory , forming with fertilizers.

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Sessile adult staged animals commonly produce gametes at the same times, also known as a synchronized release of gametes, for external fertilization in the water column. ... When the female is producing eggs, they perform predator satiation, which is when multiple females will release gametes in a mass reproductive event.

Intercroppingandcrop rotationare alternative strategies applied inmultiple cropping, the growing of two or more crops in the same piece of land. Both cropping systems have resulted to increased farm production and profitability per unit land area in selected cropsInter-cropping and crop rotation are used to obtain maximum benefit. Inter-cropping helps in preventing pests and diseases to spread throughout the field. It also increases soil fertility, whereas crop rotation prevents soil depletion, increases soil fertility, and reduces soil erosion. Both these methods reduce the need for fertilizers. It also helps in controlling weeds and controls the growth of pathogens and pests in crops

it's a tsh ok answer a

the correct answer is fsh because it result in growth the height of person more than 7 feet

It is controlled by the guard cells.when there is less water in gaurd cells they shrink that causes stomatal pore to close.

when there is more water in gaurd cells then they dilates due to which the stomatal pore opens.

Potassium ions play a role in the opening and closing of stomata by changing the concentration of ions in the guard cells. When the potassium ions are in the guard cells, water also flows in the guard cells because of osmosis and the stomata open. When the potassium ions are out of the guard cells, water also flows out of the guard cells because of osmosis and the stomata close.

The answer is Option 4.

The normal platelet count is 150,000-350,000 per microliter of blood, but since platelets are so small, they make up just a tiny fraction of the blood volume. The principal function of platelets is to prevent bleeding. Red blood cells are the most numerous blood cell, about 5,000,000 per microliter.

Platelets have the following functions: 1) Secrete vasoconstrictors which constrict blood vessels, causing vascular spasms in broken blood vessels. 2) Form temporary platelet plugs to stop bleeding. Secrete procoagulants (clotting factors) to promote blood clotting.

Inexternal fertilization, eggs have less chances offertilization. This can lead to the wastage of a large number of eggs produced during the process. Further, there is an absence of proper parental care to the offspring, which results in a low rate of survival in the progenies.

Taxonomy is the practice of identifying different organisms, classifying them into categories, and naming them. All organisms, both living and extinct, are classified into distinct groups with other similar organisms and given a scientific name.

The classification of organisms has various hierarchical categories. Categories gradually shift from being very broad and including many different organisms to very specific and identifying single species.

museum and also for plant herbarium

we can study large no.of organisms by their heirarchical arrangent on the basis of Evolution,body plan,body organisation,chromosome no..,and we called it a branch of biology called Taxonomy as well as Systematics..

To study a lot of information in short amount of time we mainly use charts related to those informations.

Similarly, to study about large number of organisms we should take the help of taxonomy classification chart of those species.

Taxonomy classification is used for the general identification of different species which helps a lot about the studies of different biological species.

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Organisms exhibiting external fertilisation releases more number of gametes into the surrounding to increase the chance of fertilisation. Because the fertilisation is external there is less possibility of fusion of gametes in the outside environment and if somehow fertilisation carried out successfully there will be chances that the externally fertilised eggs and young ones are at greater risk from predators. So, to ensure the chances of survival, these organisms releases large number of gametes to the surrounding.

Ans :- Damages immune system – Over-exposuretoUV radiationhas a harmful suppressing effecton the immune system. Scientists believe that sunburn can change the distribution and function of disease-fighting white blood cells inhumansfor up to 24 hours afterexposureto the sun.

Overexposure toUV raysalso causes premature aging effects, like:

skin wrinkling and hardening (leathery skin)

blotchiness

loss of elasticity

dark patches ("age spots" or "liver spots")

precancerous skin changes (calledactinic keratoses)

coal remain active web Woodworks Spiderman all Paul Paz Quanpaler

in all possible direction

In all directions due to diffusion process

There is an inherit mechanism of relaxation after every contraction. It maybe in millisecond but it provides rest to the muscles.Option B.

The person could be suffering from Stomach Flu.

Types of female hormones:1. Estrogen. Estrogen is the major female hormone.2. Progesterone. The ovaries produce the female sex hormone progesterone after ovulation.3. Testosterone. Small amounts of testosterone come from the adrenal glands and ovaries.

Double fertilization is a phenomenon that occurs in flowering plants i.e. Angiosperms. After pollination, when pollen grain falls on stigma, it forms a pollen tube that travels all the way through style to reach ovary. Most successful pollen tube reaches embryo sac of ovule & fuses with it. Inside pollen tube, there are 2 sperm cells which are released in embryo sac. One of them fertilizes the egg to form zygote & the second one fertilizes with two polar nuclei to form secondary nucleus (triple fusion). After double fertilization the fertilized ovary is able to form fruit & seed. It is because of double fertilization that seed forms endosperm which nurtures the growing embryo. The process of double fertilization has played significant role in evolution of flowering plants..

Fertilizarion : It is the process by which two gametes (reproductive cells having a single, haploid set of chromosomes) fuse to become a zygote, which develops into a new organism. The resultant zygote is diploid (it has two sets of chromosomes).

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The directional movement of a plant in response to light is called phototropism. The shoot responds by bending towards light and roots respond by bending away from light.

This happens as follows:(i) When sunlight falls straight on the plant, the auxin hormone synthesised at the tip of the stem spreads uniformly down the stem and due to equal concentration of auxin, stem grows straight.

(ii)When sunlight fells on only one side of the plant, the auxin diffuses towards the shady side of shoot. The concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer. Therefore, the stem appears to bend towards the source of light.

Phototropism: It is the growth which response to a light stimulus. The cells on theplantsthatarefarthest from the light have a chemical called auxin that reacts whenphototropism occurs.Activity to demonstrate phototropism: (i) Fill a conical flask with water. (ii) Cover the neck of the flask with a wire mesh.

the correct answer is option (b)photolysis of water.

is the process of breakdown ofwatermolecule into hydrogen and oxygen under the influence of light during the light reaction of photosynthesis

Mitosis is used for growth and repair of body and produces diploid cells identical to each other and the parent cell.

Meiosis is used for sexual reproduction and produces haploid cells different to each other and the parent cell.Thus,meiosis results in formation of gametes.

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The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. It is composed of around270 bonesat birth – this total decreases to around206 bonesby adulthood after some bones get fused together.

There are 206 bones in human body.

Sulphate hydrosulphate =Reactantproduct =sulphate hydrogen

reactant= suphate+hydrogen sulfide....product= sulphur.+ water

same as above is the right answer for this question

LHS of reaction is reactantRHS of reaction is product

Because of the oil present in fried foodafterwards the paper looks like a transparent paper

No two individuals are identical to each other. While we acquire a common body design, subtle changes are also inherited. Asexual reproduction produces identical offspring called clones. However, clones also differ due to small inaccuracies in DNA copying. If the DNA for the offspring comes from two parents, the differences will be more pronounced. We will soon find out why. What happens when the next generation produces offspring? These earlier differences will pass on to the next generation's offspring as well as the new ones they inherit from their parents.

Bulbil is a modified form of either vegetative or floral bud. It get swollen because of food accumulation. It also get detached from the parent plant, falls on soil and give rise to a new plant.That's y all are correct.

A.Fault blocks is the answer

a) fault block is the correct answer

A. Fault block is right answer

this question is correct answer options A

option A is right answer

C. organic belts is right answer

A. fault blocks is right answer

fault blocks is the answer

fault blocks they are formed when two plates run on each other

answer is fault blocks

answer is fault blocks

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In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28.Fatty acids, in particular essential fatty acids (EFAs) --alpha-linolenic (omega-3) andlinoleic acid(omega-6) -- are intimately related to managing inflammation in the body. Fatty acids provide the building blocks for your body to make prostaglandins, agents that increase and decrease inflammation in the body.

In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28.Fatty acids, in particular essential fatty acids (EFAs) --alpha-linolenic (omega-3) andlinoleic acid(omega-6) -- are intimately related to managing inflammation in the body. Fatty acids provide the building blocks for your body to make prostaglandins, agents that increase and decrease inflammation in the body.

System softwareissoftwaredesigned to provide a platform to other software.Examples of system software includeoperating systemslikemacOS,Ubuntu(aLinux distribution) andMicrosoft Windows,computational sciencesoftware,game engines,industrial automation, andsoftware as a serviceapplications.

System software is software designed to provide a platform to other software. Examples of system software include operating systems like macOS, Ubuntu (a Linux distribution) and Microsoft Windows, computational science software, game engines, industrial automation, and software as a service applications.

Basically there are two types of software as shown below.1.System Softwarea)Operating Systemb)Utilitiesc)Device driversd)Language translators.

2.Application Softwarea) Basic application softwareb) Specialized application software

ombining active & passive safety covering all aspects from sensors to control algorithms. Validate behavior when integrating active & passive safety systems to optimize performance.

System software is software designed to provide a platform to other software. Examples of system software include operating systems like macOS, Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows, computational science software, game engines, industrial automation, and software as a service applications.

System software is software designed to provide a platform to other software. Examples of system software include operating systems like macOS, Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows, computational science software, game engines, industrial automation, and software as a service applications.

1

Humanevolution is about theorigin of human beings. Allhumansbelong to the same species, which has spread from its birthplace in Africa to almost all parts of the world. Itsoriginin Africa is proved by the fossils which have been found there. The term 'human' in this context means the genus Homo.

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Humanshave two kidneys and each kidneyissupplied with blood from the renal artery. The kidneys remove from the blood the nitrogenous wastes such as urea, as well as salts and excess water, andexcrete them in the form of urine. ... The filtrated bloodiscarried away from the kidneys by the renal vein (or kidney vein).