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ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAN

The stages of evolution of man are-1.Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus-

About 15 mya, primates called Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus were existing.

They were hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees.

Ramapithecus was more man-like while Dryopithecus was more ape-like.

Few fossils of man-like bones have been discovered in Ethiopia and Tanzania.

These revealed hominid features leading to the belief that about 3-4 mya, man-like primates walked in eastern Africa.

2.Australopithecus-

About two mya, Australopithecines probably lived in East African grasslands.

They hunted with stone weapons but essentially ate fruit.

Some of the bones among the bones discovered were different.

They were intermediate between apes and man.

3.Homo habilis-

The brain capacities were between 650-800cc.

They probably did not eat meat.

They were the makers of stone tools.

4.Homo erectus-

About 1.5 mya, Homo erectus arose.

Homo erectus had a large brain around 900cc.

Homo erectus probably ate meat.

5.Neanderthal man-

The Neanderthal man with a brain size of 1400cc lived in near east and central Asia between 1, 00,000-40,000 years back.

They used hides to protect their body and buried their dead.

6.Homo sapiens or modern man-

Arose in Africa and moved across continents.

During ice age between 75,000-10,000 years ago modern Homo sapiens arose.

Pre-historic cave art developed about 18,000 years ago.

Agriculture came around 10,000 years back and human settlements started.

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ORGANIC EVOLUTION :

According to the theory of Evolution of Life , a life substance appeared on earth in sea water . During course, of time , the living substance developed into the unicellular form and it developed into multicellular forms of greater and greater complexity .Then the behavioural patterns also gradually underwent many changes .These changes were slow and sequential. It took a prolonged period of nearly 300 croces of years. These changes and development of living things took place in all aspects and that gave way for many different kinds of living things to come into existence. Hence , this process is called the theory of Evolution of Life on earth ,which is also referred as organic evolution.

(i) Evolution is not always equated with progress because evolution simply generates diversity, and this diversity helps in better adaptation and survival.

(ii) Evolution creates complex body designs, but this does not imply that simpler forms are inefficient. For example, bacteria having simple organisation are more capable of surviving in extreme environments than organisms with complex body designs.

(iii) Human beings and chimpanzees have both evolved from a common primate ancestor, but there is no progress associated with the evolution of chimpanzees.

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Natural selection can cause genetic drift without changing the DNA of the population.

An example of natural selection that no lasting effect on the population's genetic make up is the pepper moth in England.

The peppered moth was primarily white with a minority of black moths before the industrial revolution. During the early part of the industrial revolution with large amounts of black soot in the air the population changed. There was a dramatic genetic drift toward the black variant of the moth.

When the transition to electricity and other forms of energy took place in the latter part of the industrial revolution there was a corresponding shift in the genetic make up of the moths. The genetic drift was back to the white form with a marked decrease in the black form.

Natural selection will cause the population to shift to the genetic variations best suited to the present environment. This may not cause a permant change in the genetic make up of the population.

It is important to be clear about adaptive evolution which is a selection between existing variations and Darwinian Evolution which is the creation of new genetic variants due to random mutations. Natural Selection can cause adaptive evolution without causing Darwinian evolution.

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes that are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction

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The method of arranging organisms into groups on the basis of similarities and differences is called classification. Evolution on the other hand refers to a slow, gradual and continuous process by which the previously existing organisms develop into existing living organisms.

All living things are identified and categorised on the basis of their body design in form and function.

Once a certain body design comes into existence, it will shape the effects of all other subsequent design changes, simply because it already exists.

So, characteristics that came into existence earlier are likely to be more basicthan characteristics that have come to existence later.

Thus means that the classification of life forms is closely related to their evolution.

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Definitionofscion. 1 : a detached living portion of a plant (such as a bud or shoot) joined to astockin grafting and usually supplying solely aerial parts to a graft. 2a : descendant, child especially : a descendant of a wealthy, aristocratic, or influential family

DNA which are present in the nucleus are responsible to carry hereditary characters.

Thecomponentof thecellular nucleusof living organismcarries hereditary charactersis chromosomes

DNAhas three types of chemicalcomponent: phosphate, a sugar called deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

Classification should be based upon anatomical characteristics that arose due to common descent, whether those common features be in the skeleton, skull, soft tissues, teeth, genetic structure or wherever. That being so, the objective of classification in the reconstruction of parts -as far as possible- of the evolutionary history that led up to the organisms under consideration. In short, good classification is based upon evolution. Classification involves grouping of organism into a formal system based on similarities in internal and external structure or evolutionary history. Two species are more closely related if they have more characteristics in common. And if two species are more closely related, then it means they have a more recent ancestor. For example, in a family, a brother and sister are closely related and they have a recent common ancestor i.e., their parents. A brother and his cousin are also related but less than the sister and her brother. This is because the brother and his cousin have a common ancestor i.e., their grandparents in the second generation whereas the parents were from the first generation. With subsequent generations, the variations make organisms more different than their ancestors. This discussion clearly proves that we classify organisms according to their resemblance which is similar to creating an evolutionary tree.

Inhumans fertilization occursin the end of the fallopian tube away from the uterus (close to the ovary). The egg and the associated cumulus cells are ovulated (released) from an ovarian follicle and picked up by the fallopian tube. The tube pulls it inside where the spermcanfind it.Fertilization in humans occurs when a male sperm meets with a female egg to form a fertilized egg. ... The fertilization takes place at the end of the fallopian tube. During the ovulation period, a female egg is released, and then the egg is pushed inside the fallopian tube with the help of follicles.

Number of chromosome in root cells are haploidThus, endosperm has 60/2 = 30 chromosome

Germ cellsare also diploid, but they are found only in the gonads. Gonads are the ovaries infemalesand testes in males. In these organs,femalesmake gametes called eggs, and males make gametes called sperm. Gametes are haploidcells, which means that they have only one set of chromosomes.

what is the stop for pregnancy?

The process of fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization.

Pollen grains is called fertilization

Themale and femalegametes fuse during fertilizationto produce zygote. The zygote subsequently develops into an embryo which further develops into a new individual.

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the process of fusion of male and female sex cells is called fertilization

The most important reason for proper waste management is to protect the environment and for the health and safety of the population.

Certain types of waste can be hazardous and can pollute the environment. Bad waste management practices can also cause land and air pollution which can result in serious medical conditions in humans and animals.

Implementing good waste management practices not only helps to protect the environment but can be beneficial to your business.

It can enhance your business’ reputation – take a busy restaurant as an example. Would you go there if it had garbage piling up, or food scraps left lying around? Or would you support that same restaurant if it had a policy of donating leftover food to a charity for the homeless?

Energy efficiency – have you thought of how you could use waste products as a combustion fuel for things such as cooking or heating?

Cost savings – managing the waste your business produces can result in valuable materials to reuse. This can save you money while potentially creating new jobs and business opportunities.

Resource recovery – reducing, reusing and recycling your waste is important for the environment, and it can also be profitable. It decreases the amount of waste for disposal, saves space in landfills, and conserves natural resources.

primary objective of waste management today is to protect the public and the environment from potentially harmful effects of waste.

Organic waste can be used to create compost to defray methane gas production and be used as inputs for fertilizer, construction materials, and even animal feed.

Energy: Properly dried and sorted waste can provide a potent (and green) source of fuel for some industrial processes, in particular power generation and cement kilns

The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and lungs, from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lungs.

a) Pisces and amphibia

1) Both are ectothermic means cold blooded.2) Both classes are vertebrates means they have backbone.3) Gills are present inamphibians in larval stagemaking themcapable to live aquatic life and fish have gills too.4)Nervous system is almost similar in pisces and amphibians.

(c)

c)

Vertebrates:both birds and mammalsare vertebrates, which means that they have backbones.

Endothermic (warm-blooded):both birds and mammalsare endothermic (warm-blooded). ...

Four-chambered hearts: the hearts ofboth birds and mammalshave four-chambers.

(d)

(d)

Characteristic of mammalian liver is Glisson capsule.so Option-A

Glisson's capsule is the characteristic feature ofOption-A

option (a) mammals.

(a) mammals is correct

Simple a i a coreevt

The cornified part of the epidermis is strengthened by a stiff material, beta keratin, which is present in place of or in addition to pliable alpha keratin. In crocodiles and many turtles the outer scale surface consists of beta keratin only, while the hinge region contains only alpha keratin

Somereptilescanflyand dofly( Draco Lizard canflyup to 30 feet) but they don't have wing .Reptilesin Jurassic period used tofly( e.g. Rhamphorhynchus ) and had proper wings . Theseflying reptilesthen evolved to Birds/ Aves as we see today . Because they don't have wings.

Let one parallel side s1 be xThen other parallel side s2 =3x + 6

Given, Height of trapezium h = 5 cmArea of trapezium A = 225 cm^2

Area of trapezium = 1/2(s1+s2)*h225 = 1/2(x + 3x + 6)*5450 = (4x + 6)*54x + 6 = 904x = 84x = 84/4 = 21

Therefore,First parallel side length = x = 21 cmOther parallel side length = (3x + 6) = 3*21 + 6 = 69 cm

The meristematic tissue is formed exclusively by undifferentiated or embryonic cells. These cells, known as meristematic cells, are responsible for bringing about growth of the plant body due to their capacity to undergo continuous mitotic divisions.

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they three has three pairs of legs

The cattle feed consists of two main components:Roughage: It consists of fibres such as green fodder, silage and hay.Concentrates: It is a mixture of substances that are rich in one or more of the nutrients.

Malaria is caused by a one-celled parasite called a Plasmodium.Female Anophelesmosquitoes pick up the parasite from infected people when they bite to obtainbloodneeded to nurture their eggs. Inside the mosquito the parasites reproduce and develop

Feed provides the nutrients that are the precursors, either directly or indirectly, of the principal milk solids. Thus, an increase in feed intake usually results in the production of a greater volume of milk. In general, the proportional increases in fat, protein and lactose yields are approximately the same as the proportional increase in milk volume. Milk composition changes little.

It is critical to maximize feed intake of cattle so that negative energy balance is minimized during early lactation. As cows consume more energy than they use, body weight is regained, losses in body condition are minimized and cows produce milk of normal fat and protein content. Increasing feed intake, and the resulting overall increase in energy, can increase milk protein content by 0.2 to 0.3 percent.

High-producing cows should eat 3.5 to 4.0 percent of their body weight daily as dry matter. If a herd is consuming less than this, production of solidscorrected milk may be limited. Major factors that can affect feed intake include:

• Feed bunk management (keep feed bunks clean, not empty)

• Feeding frequency

• Feed sequencing

• Ration moisture between 25 and 50 percent (to optimize dry matter intake)

• Social interactions and grouping strategy of the herd

• Abrupt ration changes

• Physical facilities

• Environmental temperature

Increased feeding frequency of lowfiber, highgrain diets increases milk fat levels. The greatest increase occurs in diets of less than 45 percent forage and when grain is fed separately as in parlor feeding. When diets are fed as a total mixed ration, feeding frequency becomes less important as long as the feed remains palatable and is fed and mixed a minimum of once a day. During hot weather, more frequent feeding helps keep feed fresh and palatable

Effectofmilkpotential: Whenmilkpotential increases (above 20 kg/d at peakyield),cowseat morefeedbut not enough to meet the mammary needs for nutrients, even with high quality diets fed ad libitum. Consequently, body weight loss (including lipids, water and protein) increases.

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Fogis a visibleaerosolconsisting of tinywaterdropletsorice crystalssuspended in the air at or near theEarth's surface.[1]Fog can be considered a type of low-lyingcloud, usually resembling stratus, and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water,topography, and wind conditions. In turn, fog has affected many human activities, such as shipping, travel, and warfare.

Digestion is the process in which complex substances are broken down to simpler substances and energy is produced. It is a vital process for an animal's survival because of this process the energy present in the food is made available to the cells in our body and due to that energy we can work.

Animals require a digestive system because they take food in the form that body cannot directly utilize. The food needs to be broken down into form that body can utilize. Therefore digestive system becomes very important animals. There are various other organisms apart from animals that possess a digestive system For example amoeba has food vacuole that helps in digestion.

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syslostic range: 80-110Dialostic range: 50-80

and other advantage

Animals living in water need use the oxygen dissolved in water. However the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairlylowcompared to the amount of oxygen in the air.

In this case pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. In aerobic respiration, breakdown of pyruvate takes place in presence of oxygen to give rise 3 molecules of carbon dioxide andwater. The release of energy in aerobic respiration is much more than anaerobic respiration

stomata may be found only on the upper epidermis and submerged leaves may lack stomata entirely. Most tree species have stomata...The epidermis is thin and does not contain chloroplasts. The mesophyll is disintegrated into many lacunae; the cells are large and have large vacuoles. Chloroplasts are of the granal type with plastoglobuli and starch granules. The leaf has three vascular bundles, one large bundle and two smaller ones located in the upper mesophyll tissues, forming a kind of triangle with the central bundle. The xylem is well developed and shows spiral tracheids. As a consequence of greater lacunar space, the diameter of the submerged leaf is about two or three times larger, as compared with the aeriel leaf. The submerged leaf seems to be distended. The epidermis of the submerged leaves, the central vascular bundle is in direct contact stomata of theHelleborustype. In submerged leaves, the central vascular bundle is in direct contact with the surrounding water. The same observation was made in aerial leaves after submersion, whereas in normal aerial leaves the central bundle is closed.

The leading causes of infant mortality are birth asphyxia pneumonia,congenitalmalformations,

Heterospory is the production of spores of generally two sizes (microspores and megaspores), each developing into a particular type of gametophyte—either a microgametophyte that produces antheridia and sperm or a megagametophyte that produces archegonia and eggs.Heterospory is the production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants. The smaller of these, the microspore, is male and the larger megaspore is female. Heterospory evolved during the Devonian period from isospory independently in several plant groups: the clubmosses, the arborescent horsetails and progymnosperms. This occurred as part of the process of evolution of the timing of sex differentiation.

eg: Male and Female cone of pine [Pinophyta]

Pines are mostly monoecious hence option a is a mismatch

Resourcescan be categorized on thebasis of origin:

1.Abioticresourcescomprise non-living things (e.g., land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver).

2.Bioticresourcesare obtained from the biosphere.

Renewable resources:- Renewable resources are the natural resources which can be used against and again or can be reproduced by physical, mechanical and chemical processes. Solar energy, air, water and soil are some of the renewable resources of energy.ii). Non-renewable resources:- Non-renewable resources are the natural resources that cannot be replaced at all or within a reasonable time. Fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal are examples of non-renewable resources. These resources accumulated over millions of years. They are considered to be non-renewable resources because once they are used up, they are gone forever.