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ion is an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

Molecular movementsare required to provide variousessential moleculesthroughout the body of an organism for repairing and maintaining their structure.Lifeprocesses areneededto maintain functions oflivingorganisms.

Variousfactorswhichaffect frictionare: Smoothness of surface:-more the surface is smooth, less is thefriction. Normal force: This is also the most importantfactorresponsible forfriction.Normal force itself depends on weight of the body. It also depends on thestateof object whether moving or static!

Ans :- Methods of Waste Disposal

1. Composting and Vermicomposting

This method is useful for the disposal of biodegradable waste. The part of the garbage which can rot in nature to form harmless substances is called biodegradable (plants and animal waste). Different biodegradable waste can be dumped in a pit. Here, it can be allowed to decompose after which the garbage will convert into useful manure. This is known as composting.

The process of decomposition may take around 2 to 3 months. To make the process fast, red worms may be used for composting. This method is called vermicomposting. Vermicompost is the high-quality manure.

Landfilling

A low-lying open area out of the city where garbage is collected and dumped is known as a landfill. The garbage is loaded into the truck and dumped in the landfill. When that area is fully covered with the garbage, it is covered with layers of soil. Now it can be converted into a park or a playground.

Incineration

This method is mainly used to dispose of the medical waste. In this method, garbage is burnt at a high temperature in a special furnace calledIncinerator. This reduces large amounts of garbage into a small amount of ash which can be disposed of in the landfill site.

Biodegradable waste materials are very important and economically beneficial for it's recyclable abilities.

We can use these waste materials for generating biogas energy,to use as the main source of daily fuel.This will also save our money.

That's why the disposal of the biodegradable waste materials into a biogas plant is a safe and smart way of disposal.

Methylene blueis used to stain animal cells, such as human cheek cells, to make their nuclei more observable.

The mixtureofspermandfluidsfrom the accessory sex glands is calledsemen. About two thirds of the volume ofsemencome from the seminal vesicles. Thesemenis then passed into the urethra.

Vascular tissueis acomplexconducting tissue, formed of more than onecelltype, found invascularplants. The primary components ofvascular tissueare the xylem and phloem. These two tissuestransportfluid andnutrientsinternally

option a (aquatic animals) is correct.

Agill is arespiratory organfound in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water and excretes carbon dioxide. Thegillsof some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allowrespirationon land provided they are kept moist.

Thanks so much this answer in correct

The principal cations (sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium), anions (chloride, bicarbonate, organicacids, phosphate, and proteins), and solutes (e.g., proteins and glucose) of the body are not dispersed evenly throughout bodily fluids.

Body fluids

Blood.

Semen.

Vaginal and cervical secretions.

Rectal secretions.

Breast milk.

Saliva.

Other body fluids.

Body fluids considered by the Department of Health to pose a transmission risk.

Five reasons for water scarcity in India are :(i)Seasonal and annual variation in precipitation.(ii)Unequal access.(iii)Overexploitation.(iv)Availability of water varies over space and time.(v)Excessive use of water resources.(vi)Many cities have large and growing population resulting in greater demand for water resources. A large population means, not only more water is required for domestic use but also for higher foodgrain productivity. This has led to over-exploitation of water resources to expand irrigated areas especially for dry season agriculture. It has also contributed to falling ground water levels, adversely affecting the water availability and food security of the people.(vii)Today the multinational companies and other industrial units consume large quantities of hydroelectric power and for processing which put greater pressure on the existing fresh water resources in India. Multiplying urban areas with dense population and modern life styles have created an ever increasing demand for water and energy resources.(viii) Pollution of water bodies due to discharge of industrial effluents, use of pesticides, insecticides and fertilisers used in agriculture, make the river water hazardous for human consumption.

The four main factors influencing agricultural production include;

Human factors

Biotic factors

Climatic factors

Edaphic(soil) factors

The tissues in the human body can be categorised into four types: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

On the other hand, the tissues in plants can be categorised into three types: the epidermis, the ground tissue and the vascular tissue.

Specify whether you want classification about the tissues in animals or in plants.

human tissues

A diffusion is a process in physics. Some particles aredissolvedin a glass of water. At first, the particles are all near one top corner of the glass. If the particles randomly move around ("diffuse") in the water, they eventually become distributed randomly and uniformly from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, and organized (diffusion continues, but with no netflux).

group of tissue is called organ

Cardiac muscletissuemakes our hearts. Organs aregroups of tissuesthat work together to do a job. Our skin is made of hairtissue, oil and sweat glandtissues, nervetissue, bloodtissue, and many othertissuesto make the organcalledskin.

Organs aregroups of tissuesthat work together to do a job. Our skin is made of hairtissue, oil and sweat glandtissues, nervetissue, bloodtissue, and many othertissuesto make the organcalledskin.

1 ) Ascospores = These are produced in side the Asci ( Singular = Ascus ) by the fungi belonging to Ascomycetae group .

An ascospore is a spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus. This kind of spore is specific to fungi classified as ascomycetes (Ascomycota).

Typically, a single ascus will contain eight ascospores.

The eight spores are produced by a combination of a meiosis division followed by a mitotic division.

The meiosis division turns the original diploid zygote nucleus into four haploid ones.

That is, the single original cell from which the whole process begins contains two complete sets of chromosomes.

In preparation for meiosis, all the DNA of both sets is duplicated, to make a total of four sets.

The nucleus that contains the four sets divides in two stages, separating into four new nuclei - each of which has one complete set of chromosomes.

Following this process, each of the four new nuclei duplicates its DNA and undergoes a division by mitosis.

As a result, the ascus will contain four pairs of spores.

Ascospore formation is the End product of SEXUAL REPRODUCTION in Ascomycota fungi ......... ( 1 )

They are WITHIN A SAC ( Ascus ) and eight in number .....(2)

2 ) Conidia == Conidia, sometimes termed conidiospores, are asexual, non-motile spores of a fungus; they are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis.

They are haploid cells genetically identical to the haploid parent, can develop into a new organism if conditions are favorable, and serve in biological dispersal.

Asexual reproduction in Ascomycetes (the Phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores.

The morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive of a specific species and can therefore be used in identification of the species.

Conidia formation is the End Product of ASEXUAL REPRDUCTION in Ascomycota .................( 3 )

They are BORNE EXTERNALLY on the Stalk like CONIDIOPHORE ( The bearer of conidia )...........( 4 )

They are numerous ( Unlike eight ascospores ).........( 5 )

The natural conditions such as soil type, slope, climate, water quality and availability, have the following impact on the choice of an irrigation method: Soil type: Sandy soils have a low water storage capacity and a high infiltration rate.

Oxygenis absorbed by the blood capillaries from the lungs alveoli by diffusion whilecarbon-dioxideis absorbed by the lungs alveoli from blood capillaries by diffusion.Transportofoxygenandcarbon-dioxideoccurs with the help of respiratory pigment called hemoglobin.

The two main gases exchanged are oxygen and carbon-dioxide.

Oxygenis absorbed by the blood capillaries from the lungs alveoli by diffusion whilecarbon-dioxideis absorbed by the lungs alveoli from blood capillaries by diffusion.

Oxygenistransportedfrom lungs to the body cells in the form of oxy-hemoglobin.

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Thefolded inner mitochondrial membraneforms cristae which increases the surface area of themembrane. These cristae are responsible for ATP synthesis by Electron Transport Chain reactions. The increased surface area due tofoldingallows enhanced rate of ATP generation.

ATP is Adenosine Tri Phosphate

4-Di-1-ASP is astyryldye stains mitochondria of live cells. It has also been used to stain glioma cells in living brain tissues.

Mitochondrion, membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei), the primary function of which is to generate large quantities of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Mitosis is a type of cell division which involves division of cell into two daughter cells this division starts by the elongation of nucleus then division of nucleus and finally the cytoplasmic division and the whole cell is further divided here is the diagram for the same in this process the chromosomal number remains unchanged both daughter cells have same number of chromosomes as the parent body had.

The process by which a cell which has previously replicated chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell is separated into two identical sets of chromosomes is known as mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, these daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell. It is a form of nuclear division. Mitosis is generally followed by cytokinesis, this process divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, cellular organelles and cell membrane into two cells of roughly equal shares of these cellular constituents. The M phase of the cell cycle is of mitosis and cytokinesis together.Mitosis is a fast and highly complex process. Theevents of mitosisis divided into the following stages prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) are organelles within eukaryotic cells that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy molecule used by the cell. For this reason, the mitochondrion is sometimes referred to as “the powerhouse of the cell”. Mitochondria are found in all eukaryotes, which are all living things that are not bacteria or archaea. It is thought that mitochondria arose from once free-living bacteria that were incorporated into cells.

Mitochondria produce ATP through process ofcellular respiration—specifically,aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen. The citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle, takes place in the mitochondria. This cycle involves the oxidation of pyruvate, which comes from glucose, to form the molecule acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is in turn oxidized and ATP is produced.

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It is widelyusedin flow cytometry studies involvingmitochondrialmembrane potential. Rhodamine 123 is a popular green fluorescentmitochondrialdye thatstains mitochondriain living cells in a membrane potential-dependent fashion.

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MitoView™ Dyesstain the mitochondria in living cells.

Janus green isusedtostain mitochondria. ... Safranin isusedtostainnuclei and lignified walls of cell. Acetocarmine isusedforstainingnucleic acid and chromosomes.

Adolescence (from Latin adolescere, meaning 'to grow up') is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority)

Adolescence, these years frompubertyto adulthood, may be roughly divided into three stages:earlyadolescence, generally ages elevento fourteen;middleadolescence, ages fifteen toseventeen; andlateadolescence, ages eighteen to twenty-one. In addition to physiological growth, seven key intellectual, psychological and socialdevelopmental tasksare squeezed into these years. The fundamental purpose of these tasks is to form one’s own identity and to prepare for adulthood.

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the period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult.

There are three notable common features of bacteria: 1) lack of membrane-bound organelles, 2) unicellular and 3) small (usually microscopic) size.

Not all prokaryotes are bacteria, some are archaea, which although they share common physicals features to bacteria, are ancestrally different from bacteria.

Bacteriaare like eukaryotic cells in that they have cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane.Featuresthat distinguish abacterialcell from a eukaryotic cell include the circular DNA of the nucleoid, the lack of membrane-bound organelles, the cell wall of peptidoglycan, and flagella.

1. Adaptation for water . Many structures in fish are adaptation for their aquatic lifestyle. fish have gills that allow them to breathe oxygen in water

2. We are aware that the animals who can regulate their body temperature are told to be warm blooded animals, such as mammals and birds who can regulate their temperature through many different process like perspiration and all

3.Feathered, hollow-boned birds have long feathers on its two sides thathelp them for flight, although they have a boat shaped appearance.

These flight feathers are thus specifically shaped feathers which provide lift and reduce drag.

The other changes that these birds have are the finger bones that create a strong anchor for flight feathers, and longer, strong front limbs.

Birds are describe as "Master of air".Birds exhibit less diversity due to their adaptation for aerial mode of life.They inhabit both terrestrial and aquatic environments.

These are the following reasons ,why birds are adapted to aerial mode of life:

1.Birds are endothermal or warm blooded animals.

2.Body is streamlined and compactly arranged to suit their adaptation for flights.

3.It is normally spindle shaped and light due to the presence of air sacs.

4.Forelimbs are modified as wings.

5.Hind limbs are large and bear the weight of the whole animal.

6.Body is covered by feathers.They form a part of the exoskeleton.

7.The feathers are of four types 1.Coutour feathers 2.Filoplumes 3.Quill feathers and 4.Down feathers.

Because of the presences of air sacs and feathers, makes the birds to adapt the aerial mode of life

The ability of sperm to move through the cervical mucus, swim up the endometrial cavity and down the fallopian tubes, and penetrate/fertilise the ovum (egg).

Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is derived from the Greek word sperma. In the types of sexual reproduction known as anisogamy and its subtype oogamy, there is a marked difference in the size of the gametes with the smaller one being termed the "male" or sperm cell

A sperm is a male reproductive cell which is produced in the sex organs of a male animal and can enter a female animal's egg and fertilize it.It is a microscopic, motile structure composed of a head, neck, a middle piece and a tail.Whole body is covered by plasma membrane.

Carbohydrates, also known as saccharides or carbs, are sugars or starches. They are a major food source and a key form of energy for most organisms.They consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

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Carbohydrates are one of the main type of nutrients. They are the most important source of energy for your body. Your digestive system change carbohydrates into glucose ( blood sugar ).Your body uses this sugar for energy for your cells, tissues and organs. it stores any extra sugar in your liver and muscles for when it is needed. carbohydrate are called simple or complex depending on their chemical structure

Transpiration is the process through which excess water from plant body is released through the stomata present on surface of leaf.Transpiration pull is the process through which water is taken into by the roots of the plant. It helps in maintaining cohesion-adhesion tension, so that water can move through xylem up to leaves.It also helps in cooling process of the tree.In a way transpiration helps in cloud formation. Water vapour released will help in cloud formation also.

Ans :- The mainfunction of carbohydratesis to providethe body and brain with energy. An adequate intake ofcarbsalso spares proteins and helps with fat metabolism.

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Mesodermal cellfrom asingle cell duringthegrowthofembryomean: Asingle cell(zygote) undergo meiosis and differentiation to develop intoembryo. In thisembryo duringgastrulation, only somecellmigrate inward contributing tomesodermbetween the two germ layer i.e. ectoderm and endoderm.

Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates or sugars in the absence of oxygen.Fermentationinfood processingis the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria—under anaerobic conditions.Fermentationusually implies that the action of microorganisms is desired. ... Other widely consumedfermented foodsinclude vinegar, olives, and cheese.

fermentation is the process that helps for the process

The organism yeast is used in the fermentation process in brewing and baking industries