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The same restriction enzyme must be used cut the alien and foreign DNA forgetting sticky ends.

1. Diseases and pests, bruising on soft fruits and vegetables, heat and cold storage, overripeness, loss of flavours and odours, etc. lead to great deal of losses during storage and transport of crops. 

2. Most of these changes are caused due to endogenous enzyme activities which could be slowed down using genetic engineering.

For example, shelf life of Flavr savr tomatoes has been increased using genetic engineering techniques.

(a) The enzyme polygalacturonase breaks down pectin in the cell wall, leading to softening of fruit during ripening of tomatoes. 

(b) In genetically modified Flavr savr tomatoes, polygalactouronase enzyme is inhibited by antisense genes. These tomatoes can remain on the vine until mature and be transported in a firm solid state.

Examples of biofortified transgenic crops are as follows:

1. Golden rice and Golden mustard These are transgenics rich in vitamin A. 

2. Arabidopsis genes are transferred to soybean, oil palm, rapeseed and sunflower for improvement in oil content and oil quality.

3. Ferritin, an iron storage protein, isolated from soybean and Phaseolus is transferred to rice to increase its iron content. 

4. Plants deficient in amino acids like methionine, lysine and tryptophan have been engineered to improve protein content.

1. The safety of GM food for human and animal consumption (e.g. GM food may cause allergenicity).

2. The effect of GM crops on biodiversity and environment. The effect of GM crops on non-target and beneficial insects/microbes. 

3. Transgenes may escape through pollen to related plant species (gene pollution) and may lead to the development of super weeds.

4. The GM crops may change the fundamental vegetable nature of plants as the genes from animals (e.g. fish or mouse) are being introduced into crop plants.

5. The antibiotic resistance marker genes used to produce transgenic crops may horizontally transfer into microbes and thus exacerbate problem of antibiotic resistance in human and animal pathogens (i.e. transgenes may move from plants to gut microflora of humans and animals).

6. The GM crops may lead to the change in the evolutionary pattern.

Correct answer is (d) (a) or (b)

Various concerned related to health regarding the use of GMO crops are as follows:

1. GMO crops may develop some allergies, e.g. A gene from the Brazil nut was transferred to soybean in order to increase methionine content. But this transgenic soybean has caused allergies in some people which are known to suffer from nut allergies (“Biotech Soybeans”). 

2. GMO technology is a recent development and its the long-term effects on health cannot be anticipated at this point. 

3. Potential effects of transgenic proteins, which were never been ingested earlier, on the human body are yet unknown. 4. The use of GMOs may lead to the development of antibiotic and vaccineresistant strains of diseases.

Both are right because biotechnology is a very wide area which deals with techniques of using a ‘natural’ organism (or its parts) as well as genetically modified organism to produce products and processes useful for mankind. A wine maker employs a strain of yeast to produce wine by fermentation (a natural phenomenon), while the molecular biologist has cloned gene for the antigen (that is used as vaccine) in an organism which allows the production of the antigen in large amount.

The experiment will not likely be affected as recombinant DNA molecule is circular and closed, with no free ends. Hence, it will not be a substrate for exonuclease enzyme which removes nucleotides from the free ends of DNA.