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Correct option is (d) 40 mm Hg, 45 mm Hg

To elaborate: In alveolar air, partial pressure of carbon DIOXIDE is 40 mm Hg and its VALUE in DEOXYGENATED blood is 45 mm Hg. So, carbon dioxide moves from arterial blood to alveoli. In this way, ACCORDING to partial pressure exchange of gases takes place.

Correct ANSWER is (b) Movement of chloride ion from plasma to RBC

To elaborate: In response of bicarbonate ion, chloride IONS DIFFUSE from plasma into the erythrocyte to maintain the ionic balance. Thus, electrochemical neutrality is maintained. This is CALLED chloride shift or Hamburger PHENOMENON.

The correct answer is (b) Increase in breathing rate

The EXPLANATION: Chemosensitive area is highly sensitive to CARBON dioxide and hydrogen ions. Increase in these SUBSTANCES can activate this center which in turn can SIGNAL the RHYTHM centre and increase breathing rate.

Right answer is (a) bronchi and broncioles

The best explanation: Asthma is difficulty in BREATHING causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles. Because of this air PASSAGE becomes narrow also it produces extra mucous which lastly LEADS into difficulty in breathing.

The CORRECT choice is (a) 20-25%

Explanation: About 20-25% carbon DIOXIDE react with the amine group of HAEMOGLOBIN and FORM carbamino-haemoglobin. Approximately 5-7% of carbon dioxide is transported in dissolves form in PLASMA.

Correct OPTION is (a) bronchitis

Easy explanation: Bronchitis is a DISORDER of bronchi in which there is regular swelling and itching of bronchi and is characterized by regular COUGHING. It may be both ACUTE disorder or chronic disorder.

The correct option is (b) Cuboidal epithelium of ALVEOLI

The best explanation: Alveoli is made up of simple squamous epithelium. Diffusion MEMBRANE is made up of THREE major layers: THIN squamous epithelium of alveoli, endothelium of blood CAPILLARIES, basement substances in between them.

Right answer is (B) plasma as bicarbonate

The explanation: Nearly 70% carbon dioxide is transported by plasma as SODIUM bicarbonate. Approximately, 5-7% of carbon dioxide is transported in dissolves FORM in plasma. About 20-25% carbon dioxide react with the AMINE group of haemoglobin and form carbamino-haemoglobin.

Right answer is (d) DUST particles

Easiest explanation: Fibrosis means proliferation of fibrous TISSUES. This is a kind of occupational respiratory disorder which is found mainly in workers of industries involved mainly in stone grinding. Our body do not have defense mechanism to COPE up with this and it THUS causes SERIOUS lung damage.

Correct option is (b) In form of oxyhaemoglobin

Explanation: Approximately 3% of OXYGEN DISSOLVES in the BLOOD plasma. REMAINING 97% oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. Oxygen can bind with Hb in a REVERSIBLE mannner to form oxyhaemoglobin.

Correct option is (b) PARTIAL pressure of oxygen higher, partial pressure of carbon dioxide lesser

For explanation: Partial pressure of oxygen in ATMOSPHERIC air is 159 MM Hg and in ALVEOLI is 104 mm Hg. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air is 0.3 mm Hg and in alveoli is 40 mm Hg.

Correct choice is (d) SIGMOID

Explanation: A graph is plotted between OXYGEN CONCENTRATION and percentage saturation of HAEMOGLOBIN with this CURVE is called dissociation curve. Dissociation curve is sigmoid in shape.

Right choice is (c) pH

Explanation: Shift to the right MEANS that decrease in affinity between oxygen and Hb and dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin. Low oxygen, high CARBON DIOXIDE, high hydrogen ion, low pH and high temperature are RESPONSIBLE for this.

Right option is (d) 4 ml

To explain I would say: Every 100 ml deoxygenated blood delivers around 4 ml carbon dioxide to alveoli, WHEREAS every 100 ml OXYGENATED blood can deliver around 5 ml of oxygen to TISSUES under physiological CONDITIONS.

The correct option is (d) hypoxia

To explain: When a body or a particular region of the body START depriving of oxygen DUE to its inadequate transport than this CONDITION is known as hypoxia. Hypoxia MAY even lead into death of an individual.

Correct option is (a) increase in carbon dioxide

The EXPLANATION is: The receptors found in the body are highly sensitive to the carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. Asphyxia is the state of suffocation DUE to high carbon dioxide concentration. The ROLE of OXYGEN in the regulation of respiratory rhythm is quite INSIGNIFICANT.

The correct option is (d) damage of ALVEOLAR walls

To elaborate: Emphysema is a CHRONIC disorder which is marked of damage of alveolar walls. This leads to inadequate supply of oxygen to the BODY parts. The most common cause FOUND so far is CIGARETTE smoking.

Correct choice is (a) oxygenation

Explanation: OXYGEN does not oxidize haemoglobin. FORMATION of oxyhaemoglobin is a process of oxygenation. The valency of iron is 2 in oxyhaemoglobin. Some gases like OZONE oxidise haemoglobin. This OXIDIZED HB is called methamoglobin.

The correct answer is (b) Occupational respiratory disorders

For explanation: In industries, produced DUST can’t be cope up by the defense SYSTEM of human body. Long and continuous exposure gives rise to inflammation leading to fibrosis and thus leading to SEVERE LUNG DAMAGE.

Correct option is (a) inspiration 2 sec and expiration 3 sec

Explanation: Inspiration TAKES about 2 second and expiration takes about 3 second in normal condition and process. On an average an ADULT HUMAN breathes for about 16 times in a MINUTE.

The correct option is (a) Sponges

To elaborate: Sponges are the INVERTEBRATES that undergo RESPIRATION through diffusion. It MAINLY occurs between their body surface and surrounding. It is the SIMPLEST form of respiration.

The CORRECT choice is (c) 104 mm Hg

Explanation: The Partial pressure of OXYGEN in alveolar air is 104 mm Hg, its value in ARTERIAL blood is 40 mm Hg. So, oxygen GOES from alveolar air to arterial air. At the time of diffusion, gases MOVE from high partial pressure to low partial pressure.

Right option is (b) respiratory tree

The best I can EXPLAIN: GASEOUS exchange occurs in respiratory tree, while it is ABSENT in bronchial tree. Respiratory tree is also known as exchange zone which which includes respiratory bronchiole, alveolar DUCT, atria, alveolar sac and alveoli.

Right answer is (c) Diaphgram

The explanation is: Diaphgram is the most IMPORTANT muscular STRUCTURE in respiratory SYSTEM of human. At the time of INSPIRATION, diaphgram contracts leading to increase in thoracic volume whereas during EXPIRATION it relaxes causing decrease in thoracic volume.

Correct option is (B) Lecithin

To elaborate: Pnuemocyte type-I HELP in gaseous exchange whereas Pnuemocyte type-II secretes lecithin, which act as surfactant and PREVENTS COLLAPSING of alveoli by reducing the surface tension.

Correct option is (c) ALVEOLAR duct & alveoli

The explanation is: whole passage is divided into two parts one is conducting region and other is RESPIRATORY region. Conducting zone do not play any ROLE in EXCHANGE of gases but respiratory zone does. Alveolar duct & alveoli are the part of respiratory tree and are involved in gaseous exchange.

The correct OPTION is (c) 16-20

To elaborate: In the trachea 16-20 ‘C’ SHAPED cartilagenous RINGS are present which prevent the trachea from collapsing. These rings are c shaped in order to allow EASY PASSAGE of food through oesophagus.

Right choice is (c) Respiration

For EXPLANATION I would SAY: Respiration is the process in which GASEOUS exchange occurs between the organism and its environment. It is ALSO called breathing. The main concept of this process is exchange of CO2 and O2.

The correct answer is (b) Cuticle

To elaborate: EARTHWORMS respire MAINLY through an ORGAN called cuticle. It is very moist and present on their BODY segments. It keeps the body moist and prevents drying out. It also has got protective property.

Right CHOICE is (a) Mammals

To explain I would SAY: Mammals are the most complex form of ORGANISM in the classification of vertebrates. Since they are complex ORGANISMS, they have a well-developed respiratory system. Lungs are the MAIN respiratory organs of mammals.

Correct choice is (c) Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

For explanation I WOULD say: Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli together comprise the lung. They are the main vital organs compared to other secondary parts. They have a perfect NETWORK for RESPIRATION to TAKE PLACE.

The correct ANSWER is (a) Spirometer

For explanation: The volume of air involved in breathing movements can be estimated by USING a spirometer which HELPS in clinical assessment of pulmonary FUNCTIONS. It MEASURES the amount of air inspired or expired by an individual.

Correct OPTION is (b) False

Explanation: It is a WRONG statement. The pharynx is a common passage for both food and air. ESOPHAGUS ALSO is known as food pipe is PART of the digestive system, that allows passage of food from mouth to stomach.

Correct answer is (d) Amphibians

Explanation: Amphibians respire through both skin and LUNGS. The OFFSPRINGS of amphibians respire through GILLS. The adults mainly breath through lungs or moist skin. Since their diaphragm is reduced, they MOSTLY respire through their skin. This is APPLICABLE mainly to frogs.

The correct ANSWER is (a) more

To elaborate: The solubility of CARBON dioxide is 20-25 times higher than that of oxygen, therefore the amount of carbon dioxide that can diffuse through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial PRESSURE is much higher COMPARED to that of oxygen.

Right answer is (d) Increase in number

Explanation: At HIGH altitude oxygen pressure is lower THUS lungs have to take in more oxygen to FULFILL the demands of the body. Therefore, an increase in RBC helps to transport more oxygen to the body PARTS.

The CORRECT option is (b) SIMPLE diffusion

For explanation I WOULD say: Gaseous exchange is a passive process. It is held by simple diffusion. Diffusion pressure for every gas is called partial pressure. At the TIME of diffusion, gases move from high partial pressure to LOW partial pressure.

The correct option is (c) contraction in DIAPHRAGM

Explanation: Inspiration is an ACTIVE process in which MUSCLE contraction do take place. At the time of inspiration, contraction in diaphragm and external intercostal muscles TAKES place.

The correct answer is (B) Normal EXPIRATION

For explanation: Normal expiration is a passive PROCESS as during expiration, contraction (in any muscle) does not take place. THUS, there is no expenditure of energy. Relaxation in diaphgram and external intercoastal muscles is found.

Right answer is (a) incomplete cartilaginous rings

For explanation: Trachea, bronchi, and BRONCHIOLES are all supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings. They are ACTUALLY hyaline cartilage and this is STRONG enough to hold the mentioned parts. They are also supported by a SMALL smooth muscle at the END of the trachea.

Right option is (C) Fifth

Explanation: The trachea is a straight tube that extends up to the mid-thoracic cavity. It divides at the fifth thoracic VERTEBRA into LEFT and right bronchi. The FIRST division of the respiratory system occurs through trachea.

Right choice is (d) Lumen

To EXPLAIN: Lumen is not a part of the human respiratory system whereas it BELONGS to the DIGESTIVE system. Lumen increases the surface area for the absorption of food. Pharynx, alveoli, and trachea are part of respiratory system.

Correct choice is (c) Contraction in internal intercoastal MUSCLE

The explanation: At the time of inspiration DIAPHGRAM and external intercoastal muscle contracts leading to increase in thoracic VOLUME. ALSO, ribs move outward and sternum moves upward.