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1.

Which one of the following is the incorrect statement for respiration in humans ?A. Cigraette smoking may lead to inflammation of bronchiB. Neural signals from pneumotoxic centre in pons region of brain can increase the duration of inspirationC. Workers in grinding and stone breaking industries may surffer from lung fibrosisD. About 90% of cabon dioxide `(CO_(2))` is carried by haemoglobin as carbamino haemoglobin

Answer» Correct Answer - C
Irritating gases fumes, dusts, etc , present in the work place resutl in lung disroders. This is because the defence mechanism of the body cannot fully cope with this situation of so much dust. Long exposure can give rise to inflammation leading ot fibrosis (proliferation of fibrous tissue) and thus causing serious lung damage.
Discussion
2.

People who have migrated from the planes to an area adjoining Rohtang pass about six months backA. have more RBCs and their haemoglobin has a lower binding affinity to `O_(2)`B. are not [hyusically fit to play games like footballlC. suffer form altitude suckness with symptoms like nausea fatigue etc.D. lhave the usual RBC count but their haemoglobin has very high binding affinity to `CO_(2)`

Answer» Correct Answer - A
As a person moves up a hill the `pO_(2)` and total atmospheric pressure decreases.Decrease in 1`PO_(2)` due to the increasing altitude, stimulates the juxtaglomeruclar cells of kidney to secreate erythropotiin hormone which increases the number of RBCs (polycthemis) to compensate the supply of
Discussion
3.

Two friends are eating together on a dinning table. One of them suddenly starts coughing while swallowing some food. This coughing would have been due to improper movement ofA. diaphragmB. neckC. tongueD. epiglottis

Answer» Correct Answer - D
The epiglottis is a flap that is made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane the entry of food in to the larnx and directs it to the oesophagus.
Due to the mimproper movemnet of epigl,ottis . One may suddenly start coughing while swallowing some food.
Discussion
4.

listed below are four respiratory capacities (A-D) and four jumbled respiratory volumes of a normal human adult `{:("Respiratory capacities" , - " " "Respiratory volumes"),("Residual volume", -" " "2500 mL"),("Vital capacit",- " ""3500 mL"),("Inspiratory reserve volume",-" "1200 mL),("Inspiratory capacity", -" " 4500mL):}` Which one of the following is the correct matching of two capacities and volumesA. (2)2500 mL.(3) 4500 mLB. (3) 1200 mL.(4)2500 mLC. (4) 3500 mL, (1) 1200 mLD. (1) 4500 mL, (2) 3500 mL

Answer» Correct Answer - C
Inspiratiory capoacity (IC) is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration .IC =TV+IRV. It is 3500 mL in adult male and 2400 mL inadult female.
Residual volume (RV) is ythe amount of air remaining in the lungs after of forced exhalation.OIts average value is 1200 mL and 1100 mL in adult male and female respectively.
Discussion
5.

The quantity 1500 mL in the respiratory volumes of a normal human adult refers toA. maximum ari that can be breathed in and breathed outB. residual volumeC. expriatory reserve volumeD. Total lung capacity minus residual volume

Answer» Correct Answer - B
Residual air is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after the most forcelfu expiration .It equal s to 1500 mL .Resdual air mostly occurs in alveoli
Maximum air that can be breathed in and breathed that ocan be expird over and above the tidal air by most forceful expirationn is the expiratiory reserve volume (1200 mL).
Discussion
6.

Which two of the following changes ususally tend to occur in the plain dwellers when they move to high altitudes (3500 m or more)?A. 2 and 3B. 3 and 4C. 1 and 4D. 1 and 2

Answer» Correct Answer - A
When a person moves to higher altitudes wthe `po_(2)` and total atmospheric pressure decrease hypoxia stimulated the juxtaglomerular cells of the kideny to release erythropoietin ormone which stimulates erythropoesis in bone marrow causing polycythemia (increase in RBCs production) Hypoxia wil also increase breathing rate. Initially the size of RBCs will also increase but with increase in number of RBCs the size of RBCs becomes normal.
Discussion
7.

At high altitude the RBCs in the human blood willA. increase in sizeB. decrease in sizeC. increase in numberD. decrease in number

Answer» Correct Answer - C
At high altitude there is low `O_(2)` concentration so RBCs increase in number i.e `O_(2)` supply can be maintained to organs.
Discussion
8.

Carbonic anhydrase is mostly active inA. lymphocytesB. blood plasmaC. RBCD. leucocytes

Answer» Correct Answer - C
The erythrocyte (RBC) contains sufficient amount of carbonic anhydrase enzyme which catalyses the reaction between `CO_(2) and H_(2)O` and hepls in transportation of `cO_(2)` from tissues to the lungs.
Discussion
9.

Oxyghen dissociation curve of haemoglobin iusA. sigmoidB. hyperbolicC. linearD. hypobolic

Answer» Correct Answer - A
oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve gives the relationship between the saturation of haemoglobin and oxygen tension the curve aginst time is sigmoid at `38^(@)C` and pH 7.4 Dissociation of oxyghaemoglobin can be promoted by rise in the body temperature and low pH (high`CO_(2))`
Discussion
10.

In which disease, due to flattening of tracheal vessels, alveoli are deprived of oxygen " " Or Name the pulmonary disease in which alveolar surface area involved in gas exchange is drastically reduced due to damage in the alveolar wallsA. pleurissyB. EmphysemaC. PneunoniaD. Asthma

Answer» Correct Answer - B
Empysemaa is a chronic repiratiory disease where there is over inflation of the air sacs (alveloi)in the lung causing a dcrease in lung function and often, breathlessness . In this disease , the alveolar walss are damaged leading to drastic reduction in gas exchange.
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