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Straight-through is type of wiring that is ONE to connection, CROSS- over is type of wiring which those wires are got switched We use Straight-through cable when we connect between NIC ADAPTER and Hub. Using Cross¬over cable when connect between two NIC Adapters or sometime between two HUBS.

Straight-through is type of wiring that is one to connection, Cross- over is type of wiring which those wires are got switched We use Straight-through cable when we connect between NIC Adapter and Hub. Using Cross¬over cable when connect between two NIC Adapters or sometime between two hubs.

I would use the ping command to check WHETHER the machine is still ALIVE(connect to the NETWORK) or it is DEAD.

I would use the ping command to check whether the machine is still alive(connect to the network) or it is dead.

In ASSIGNMENT operator, you are ASSIGNING a value to an EXISTING object. But in copy constructor, you are CREATING a new object and then assigning a value to that object.
For example:

In assignment operator, you are assigning a value to an existing object. But in copy constructor, you are creating a new object and then assigning a value to that object.
For example:

RTTI STANDS for "RUN Time Type Identification". In an INHERITANCE hierarchy, we can find out the EXACT type of the objet of which it is member. It can be done by using:

1. DYNAMIC id operator.
2. typecast operator.

RTTI stands for "Run Time Type Identification". In an inheritance hierarchy, we can find out the exact type of the objet of which it is member. It can be done by using:

There are 3 TYPES of STL containers:

1. ADAPTIVE containers like queue, STACK.
2. Associative containers like set, map.
3. Sequence containers like VECTOR, deque.

There are 3 types of STL containers:

ANSWER : class Point2D{ int x; int y; public int color; protected bool pinned; public Point2D():x(0),y(0){} //default(no argument) CONSTRUCTOR }; Point2D MyPoint;

You cannot directly access private data members when they are DECLARED (implicitly) private:

On the other hand, you can ASSIGN and read the public data members:

With protected data members you can read them but not write them:

You cannot directly access private data members when they are declared (implicitly) private:

On the other hand, you can assign and read the public data members:

With protected data members you can read them but not write them:

OBJECT is a SOFTWARE bundle of variables and related methods. OBJECTS have STATE and behavior.

Object is a software bundle of variables and related methods. Objects have state and behavior.

Packaging an object's VARIABLES within its METHODS is CALLED ENCAPSULATION.

Packaging an object's variables within its methods is called encapsulation.

Runtime type identification (RTTI) lets you find the dynamic type of an object when you have only a pointer or a reference to the base type. RTTI is the official way in standard C++ to discover the type of an object and to CONVERT the type of a pointer or reference (that is, dynamic TYPING). The need came from PRACTICAL experience with C++. RTTI REPLACES many homegrown versions with a solid, consistent APPROACH.

Runtime type identification (RTTI) lets you find the dynamic type of an object when you have only a pointer or a reference to the base type. RTTI is the official way in standard C++ to discover the type of an object and to convert the type of a pointer or reference (that is, dynamic typing). The need came from practical experience with C++. RTTI replaces many homegrown versions with a solid, consistent approach.

Structure: Initially (in C) a structure was used to bundle different type of data types together to perform a particular functionality. But C++ extended the structure to contain functions also. The major difference is that all declarations inside a structure are by DEFAULT PUBLIC. Class: Class is a SUCCESSOR of Structure. By default all the MEMBERS inside the class are private.

Structure: Initially (in C) a structure was used to bundle different type of data types together to perform a particular functionality. But C++ extended the structure to contain functions also. The major difference is that all declarations inside a structure are by default public. Class: Class is a successor of Structure. By default all the members inside the class are private.

1. "new and DELETE" are PREPROCESSORS while "malloc() and free()" are functions, [we dont use brackets will calling new or delete].
2. no need of allocate the memory while using "new" but in "malloc()" we have to use "sizeof()".
3. "new" will initlize the new memory to 0 but "malloc()" GIVES random value in the new alloted memory LOCATION [BETTER to use calloc()]

constructor is a MEMBER FUNCTION of the class, with the name of the function being the same as the class name. It ALSO specifies how the object should be initialized.
WAYS of calling constructor:

1. Implicitly: automatically by complier when an object is created.
2. Calling the constructors EXPLICITLY is possible, but it makes the code unverifiable.

constructor is a member function of the class, with the name of the function being the same as the class name. It also specifies how the object should be initialized.
Ways of calling constructor:

Templates allow to create generic functions that admit any data type as parameters and return value without having to overload the function with all the POSSIBLE data types. Until certain point they fulfill the functionality of a macro. Its prototype is any of the two FOLLOWING ones:

template <class indetifier> functiondeclaration; template <typename indetifier> functiondeclaration;

The only difference between both prototypes is the USE of keyword class or typename, its use is indistinct since both expressions have EXACTLY the same MEANING and behave exactly the same way.

Templates allow to create generic functions that admit any data type as parameters and return value without having to overload the function with all the possible data types. Until certain point they fulfill the functionality of a macro. Its prototype is any of the two following ones:

template <class indetifier> functiondeclaration; template <typename indetifier> functiondeclaration;

The only difference between both prototypes is the use of keyword class or typename, its use is indistinct since both expressions have exactly the same meaning and behave exactly the same way.

Yes.

Yes.

• Array: is collection of homogeneous ELEMENTS.
• List :is collection of heterogeneous elements.
•  Array: MEMORY allocated is STATIC and continuous.
•  List: memory allocated is DYNAMIC and Random.
• Array: User need not have to keep in track of NEXT memory allocation.
• List: User has to keep in Track of next location where memory is allocated.

VIRTUAL destructors: If an OBJECT (with a non-virtual destructor) is destroyed explicitly by applying the delete operator to a base-class pointer to the object, the base-class destructor function (matching the pointer type) is called on the object. There is a SIMPLE solution to this problem declare a virtual base-class destructor.

This makes all derived-class destructors virtual even THOUGH they don't have the same name as the base-class destructor. Now, if the object in the hierarchy is destroyed explicitly by applying the delete operator to a base-class pointer to a derived-class object, the destructor for the appropriate class is called. Virtual constructor: Constructors cannot be virtual. Declaring a constructor as a virtual function is a syntax ERROR.

Virtual destructors: If an object (with a non-virtual destructor) is destroyed explicitly by applying the delete operator to a base-class pointer to the object, the base-class destructor function (matching the pointer type) is called on the object. There is a simple solution to this problem declare a virtual base-class destructor.

This makes all derived-class destructors virtual even though they don't have the same name as the base-class destructor. Now, if the object in the hierarchy is destroyed explicitly by applying the delete operator to a base-class pointer to a derived-class object, the destructor for the appropriate class is called. Virtual constructor: Constructors cannot be virtual. Declaring a constructor as a virtual function is a syntax error.

Answer :void SWAP(INT* a, int*B) { INTT; t=*a; *a = *b; *b = t; }

• PUBLIC, protected and private are three access specifiers in C++.
• Public data members and member functions are accessible outside the class.
• Protected data members and member functions are only AVAILABLE to derived classes.
• Private data members and member functions can't be accessed outside the class. However there is an exception can be using FRIEND classes.

Answer :for( unsigned INT i = 1; i < = 100; i++ ) if( L & 0x00000001 ) cout«i«",";

Answer : #INCLUDE &quot;iostream.h&quot; intmain() { intMAX = 4; int total = 0; int average; int numb; for (int i=0; KMAX; i++) { cout« &quot;Please enter your INPUT between 5 and 9: &quot;; cin » numb; while (numb&lt;5 || numb&gt;9) { cout« &quot;Invalid input, please re-enter: &quot;; cin » numb; } total = total + numb; } average = total/MAX; cout« &quot;The average number is: &quot; « average « &quot;n&quot;; RETURN 0; }

The idea behind inline FUNCTIONS is to insert the code of a CALLED function at the point where the function is called. If done carefully, this can IMPROVE the application's performance in exchange for increased compile time and possibly (but not always) an increase in the size of the GENERATED BINARY executables.

The idea behind inline functions is to insert the code of a called function at the point where the function is called. If done carefully, this can improve the application's performance in exchange for increased compile time and possibly (but not always) an increase in the size of the generated binary executables.

Answer : void reverselist(void) { if(HEAD==0) RETURN; if(head-&GT;next==0) return; if(head->next==tail) { head->next = 0; tail->next = head; } else { NODE* pre = head; node* CUR = head->next; node* curnext = cur->next; head->next = 0; cur-> next = head; for(; curnext !=0;) { cur->next = pre; pre = cur; cur = curnext; curnext = curnext->next; } curnext->next = cur; } }

It PERMITS CODE reusability. Reusability SAVES time in program development. It encourages the reuse of proven and debugged high-quality software, thus reducing PROBLEM after a system becomes FUNCTIONAL.

It permits code reusability. Reusability saves time in program development. It encourages the reuse of proven and debugged high-quality software, thus reducing problem after a system becomes functional.

The declaration tells the COMPILER that at some LATER point we plan to PRESENT the definition of this declaration.
E.g.: VOID stars () //function declaration
The definition contains the actual implementation.

The declaration tells the compiler that at some later point we plan to present the definition of this declaration.
E.g.: void stars () //function declaration
The definition contains the actual implementation.

FUNCTION overloading: C++ enables several functions of the same name to be defined, as long as these functions have different sets of parameters (at least as far as their TYPES are CONCERNED). This capability is called function overloading. When an overloaded function is called, the C++ compiler selects the proper function by examining the number, types and order of the arguments in the call. Function overloading is commonly used to CREATE several functions of the same name that perform similar tasks but on different data types.

Operator overloading allows existing C++ operators to be redefined so that they work on objects of user-defined classes. Overloaded operators are syntactic sugar for equivalent function calls. They form a pleasant facade that doesn't add anything fundamental to the language (but they can improve understandability and reduce MAINTENANCE costs).

Function overloading: C++ enables several functions of the same name to be defined, as long as these functions have different sets of parameters (at least as far as their types are concerned). This capability is called function overloading. When an overloaded function is called, the C++ compiler selects the proper function by examining the number, types and order of the arguments in the call. Function overloading is commonly used to create several functions of the same name that perform similar tasks but on different data types.

Operator overloading allows existing C++ operators to be redefined so that they work on objects of user-defined classes. Overloaded operators are syntactic sugar for equivalent function calls. They form a pleasant facade that doesn't add anything fundamental to the language (but they can improve understandability and reduce maintenance costs).

The free subroutine frees a block of MEMORY PREVIOUSLY ALLOCATED by the malloc subroutine. Undefined results occur if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer. If the Pointer parameter is a null value, no action will occur.

The realloc subroutine changes the size of the block of memory pointed to by the Pointer parameter to the number of bytes specified by the Size parameter and returns a new pointer to the block. The pointer specified by the Pointer parameter MUST have been created with the malloc, calloc, or realloc SUBROUTINES and not been deallocated with the free or realloc subroutines. Undefined results occur if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer.

The free subroutine frees a block of memory previously allocated by the malloc subroutine. Undefined results occur if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer. If the Pointer parameter is a null value, no action will occur.

The realloc subroutine changes the size of the block of memory pointed to by the Pointer parameter to the number of bytes specified by the Size parameter and returns a new pointer to the block. The pointer specified by the Pointer parameter must have been created with the malloc, calloc, or realloc subroutines and not been deallocated with the free or realloc subroutines. Undefined results occur if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer.

In the PUBLIC and PROTECTED SECTIONS.

In the public and protected sections.

• As a RESOURCE MANAGER.
• As a VIRTUAL MACHINE.

1. PROCESS the node in the RIGHT subtree.
2. Process the ROOT.
3. Process the node in the left subtree.

ANSWER :STRUCT TIME { INT m; int H; int s; };

A class is MADE ABSTRACT by declaring one or more of its virtual functions to be pure. A pure virtual FUNCTION is one with an initializer of = 0 in its DECLARATION.

A class is made abstract by declaring one or more of its virtual functions to be pure. A pure virtual function is one with an initializer of = 0 in its declaration.

A relation SCHEMA R is in BCNF with respect to a SET F of functional dependencies if for all functional dependencies in F+ of the form a-&GT;b, where a and b is a subset of R, at least one of the following holds:

• a->b is a trivial functional dependency (b is a subset of a).
• a is a superkey for schema R.

A relation schema R is in BCNF with respect to a set F of functional dependencies if for all functional dependencies in F+ of the form a->b, where a and b is a subset of R, at least one of the following holds:

You can do the Echo $RANDOM. It will return a undefined variable if you are from the C-Shell, just a return PROMPT if you are from the BOURNE shell, and a 5 DIGIT random numbers if you are from the Korn shell. You could also do a PS -1 and look for the shell with the highest P(K).

You can do the Echo $RANDOM. It will return a undefined variable if you are from the C-Shell, just a return prompt if you are from the Bourne shell, and a 5 digit random numbers if you are from the Korn shell. You could also do a ps -1 and look for the shell with the highest P(K).

You can FIND out by using 2 POINTERS. One of them goes 2 nodes each time. The second one goes at 1 nodes each time. If there is a CYCLE, the one that goes 2 nodes each time will EVENTUALLY meet the one that goes slower. If that is the case, then you will know the linked-list is a cycle.

You can find out by using 2 pointers. One of them goes 2 nodes each time. The second one goes at 1 nodes each time. If there is a cycle, the one that goes 2 nodes each time will eventually meet the one that goes slower. If that is the case, then you will know the linked-list is a cycle.

POLYMORPHISM in C++ is the idea that a BASE class can be INHERITED by several classes. A base class POINTER can point to its child class and a base class array can store different child class objects.

Polymorphism in C++ is the idea that a base class can be inherited by several classes. A base class pointer can point to its child class and a base class array can store different child class objects.

ANSWER : void reverselist(void) { if(head==0) return; if(head-<NEXT==0) return; if(head-<next==tail) { head-<next = 0; tail-<next = head; } else { node* PRE = head; node* cur = head-<next; node* curnext = cur-<next; head-<next = 0; cur-<next = head; for(; curnext !=0;) { cur-<next = pre; pre = cur; cur = curnext; curnext = curnext-<next; } curnext-<next = cur; } }

A CONTAINER class is a class that is used to hold objects in memory or external storage. A container class acts as a GENERIC holder. A container class has a predefined behavior and a well-known interface. A container class is a supporting class whose purpose is to hide the topology used for maintaining the LIST of objects in memory. When a container class contains a GROUP of mixed objects, the container is called a HETEROGENEOUS container; when the container is holding a group of objects that are all the same, the container is called a homogeneous container.

A container class is a class that is used to hold objects in memory or external storage. A container class acts as a generic holder. A container class has a predefined behavior and a well-known interface. A container class is a supporting class whose purpose is to hide the topology used for maintaining the list of objects in memory. When a container class contains a group of mixed objects, the container is called a heterogeneous container; when the container is holding a group of objects that are all the same, the container is called a homogeneous container.

If TWO base classes have no overlapping methods or data they are said to be independent of, or orthogonal to each other. Orthogonal in the sense means that two classes operate in different dimensions and do not interfere with each other in any WAY. The same derived CLASS may INHERIT such classes with no difficulty.

If two base classes have no overlapping methods or data they are said to be independent of, or orthogonal to each other. Orthogonal in the sense means that two classes operate in different dimensions and do not interfere with each other in any way. The same derived class may inherit such classes with no difficulty.

A node class is a class that,

1. relies on the base class for services and implementation.
2. provides a WIDER interface to the users than its base class.
3. relies primarily on VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS in its public interface.
4. depends on all its direct and indirect base class.
5. can be understood only in the context of the base class.
6. can be used as base for further derivation.
7. can be used to create OBJECTS.

A node class is a class that has added new services or functionality beyond the services inherited from its base class.

A node class is a class that,

A node class is a class that has added new services or functionality beyond the services inherited from its base class.

pure object oriented LANGUAGES are Smalltalk, JAVA, EIFFEL, Sather.

pure object oriented languages are Smalltalk, Java, Eiffel, Sather.

Objects that stand for other objects are called proxy objects or surrogates.

The following then becomes legal:

Here data[3] yields an ArraylD OBJECT and the operator [] invocation on that object yields the float in position(3,6) of the ORIGINAL two dimensional array. Clients of the Array 2D class need not be aware of the presence of the ArraylD class. Objects of this latter class stand for one-dimensional array objects that, conceptually, do not exist for clients of Array2D. Such clients program as if they were using real, live, two-dimensional arrays. Each ArraylD object stands for a one-dimensional array that is absent from a conceptual model used by the clients of Array2D. In the above example, ArraylD is a proxy class. Its instances stand for one-dimensional arrays that, conceptually, do not exist.

Objects that stand for other objects are called proxy objects or surrogates.

The following then becomes legal:

Here data[3] yields an ArraylD object and the operator [] invocation on that object yields the float in position(3,6) of the original two dimensional array. Clients of the Array 2D class need not be aware of the presence of the ArraylD class. Objects of this latter class stand for one-dimensional array objects that, conceptually, do not exist for clients of Array2D. Such clients program as if they were using real, live, two-dimensional arrays. Each ArraylD object stands for a one-dimensional array that is absent from a conceptual model used by the clients of Array2D. In the above example, ArraylD is a proxy class. Its instances stand for one-dimensional arrays that, conceptually, do not exist.

• The condition should HOLD at the END of EVERY constructor.
• The condition should hold at the end of every mutator (non-const) OPERATION.

PRECONDITION: A precondition is a condition that must be true on entry to a member function. A class is used correctly if preconditions are never false. An operation is not responsible for doing anything sensible if its precondition fails to hold. For EXAMPLE, the interface invariants of stack class say nothing about pushing yet another element on a stack that is already FULL. We say that isful() is a precondition of the push operation.

Post-condition: A post-condition is a condition that must be true on EXIT from a member function if the precondition was valid on entry to that function. A class is implemented correctly if post-conditions are never false. For example, after pushing an element on the stack, we know that isempty() must necessarily hold. This is a post-condition of the push operation.

Precondition: A precondition is a condition that must be true on entry to a member function. A class is used correctly if preconditions are never false. An operation is not responsible for doing anything sensible if its precondition fails to hold. For example, the interface invariants of stack class say nothing about pushing yet another element on a stack that is already full. We say that isful() is a precondition of the push operation.

Post-condition: A post-condition is a condition that must be true on exit from a member function if the precondition was valid on entry to that function. A class is implemented correctly if post-conditions are never false. For example, after pushing an element on the stack, we know that isempty() must necessarily hold. This is a post-condition of the push operation.

Stack unwinding in C++ is a process during EXCEPTION handling when the DESTRUCTOR is called for all local objects between the place where the exception was thrown and where it is CAUGHT.

Stack unwinding in C++ is a process during exception handling when the destructor is called for all local objects between the place where the exception was thrown and where it is caught.

A class invariant is a CONDITION that defines all valid STATES for an object. It is a logical condition to ENSURE the correct working of a class. Class invariants must hold when an object is created, and they must be preserved under all operations of the class. In particular all class invariants are both PRECONDITIONS and post-conditions for all operations or member FUNCTIONS of the class.

A class invariant is a condition that defines all valid states for an object. It is a logical condition to ensure the correct working of a class. Class invariants must hold when an object is created, and they must be preserved under all operations of the class. In particular all class invariants are both preconditions and post-conditions for all operations or member functions of the class.

It is an OBJECT of some class whose purpose is to indicate that a real object of that class does not exist. One common USE for a null object is a return value from a member function that is supposed to return an object with some specified properties but cannot FIND such an object.

It is an object of some class whose purpose is to indicate that a real object of that class does not exist. One common use for a null object is a return value from a member function that is supposed to return an object with some specified properties but cannot find such an object.

A CLASS that has no functionality of its own is an Adaptor class in C++. Its member functions hide the USE of a third party software component or an object with the non-compatible INTERFACE or a non-object-oriented IMPLEMENTATION.

A class that has no functionality of its own is an Adaptor class in C++. Its member functions hide the use of a third party software component or an object with the non-compatible interface or a non-object-oriented implementation.

Message in C++ :

1. Objects communicate by sending MESSAGES to each other.
2. A message is SENT to invoke a method in C++.

Method in C++ :

1. Provides response to a message.
2. It is an IMPLEMENTATION of an operation in C++.

Message in C++ :

Method in C++ :

A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an object after its lifetime is over. This may occur in situations like returning addresses of the automatic VARIABLES from a function or using the address of the memory BLOCK after it is FREED. The following code snippet shows this:

In the above example when PrintVal() function is called it is called by the pointer that has been freed by the destructor in SomeFunc.

A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an object after its lifetime is over. This may occur in situations like returning addresses of the automatic variables from a function or using the address of the memory block after it is freed. The following code snippet shows this:

In the above example when PrintVal() function is called it is called by the pointer that has been freed by the destructor in SomeFunc.

Incomplete types REFERS to POINTERS in which there is non availability of the implementation of the referenced location or it points to some location WHOSE value is not AVAILABLE for modification.

Incomplete types are otherwise called uninitialized pointers.

Incomplete types refers to pointers in which there is non availability of the implementation of the referenced location or it points to some location whose value is not available for modification.

Incomplete types are otherwise called uninitialized pointers.