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Bitwise complement of A=00001001 is 11110110 and exclusive OR of 00101010 and 10101100 is 10000110.

Range for int is from (-2^-16) to (2¹⁶-1) i.e. -32768 to 32767.

#define directive is a compiler directive and not a statement. If this statement is included in the program at the beginning, then the pre-processor replaces every occurrence of the identifier in the source code by the constant/string. For example if the statement is #define rate 20 then in the program whenever variable rate is considered then it is always assigned with constant 20.

The syntax for continue statement is
—————
—————
continue;
—————

C function is a set of instructions to carry out a particular task. (sqrt(), sin(), pow()).

String constant is a sequence of characters enclosed within a pair of double quotes. “Hello”, “Pre-University”, “IIPUC ELECTRONICS”, “2014”, “ASCII”.

“conio.h” is a C header file used mostly by MS-DOS compilers to provide console input/ output.

The quantity that changes during the execution of a program is a variable. Variables are the names given to identify the specific program elements. Variables are also called identifiers. Sum, height, mass, total, time etc.

#include directive specifies an external file containing functions or macro definitions which can be included as a part of a program.

#include<stdio.h> includes standard function to perform input and output operations.

# include<stdio.h> and #define pi 3.1415.

Valid variables: total, area_triangle, net_salary etc. 

For invalid variables: 2total, area-triangle, net salary etc.

#include directive specifies an external file containing functions or macro definitions which can be included as a part of a program.

#include<stdio.h> includes standard function to perform input and output operations.

The syntax for assigning value to a variable is variable_name = value; (a = 5;)

Backslash constants are combination of two characters in which first character is always a back slash (\) and the second can be any one of the characters a,b,f,n,r,t,v, “, \, 0. These are also called escape sequences.

Arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, increment/decrement, conditional, bitwise, special operators.

Steps involved in executing a C program are:

(i) creating a program

(ii) compiling the program

(iii) linking the program with functions needed from C library and finally

(iv) executing the program.

Syntax error is the result of violating the grammar of C programming language. When these errors occur, computer display an error message specifying the line number where the error has occurred. In the program segment
int a,b,c

a = 20, b = c; computer will indicate semicolon is missing.

The syntax errors are due to the violation of syntax (grammar rules of programming language).

Logical errors occur during the coding process, when the type of the data is wrongly selected and is used for computation. [int a,b,sum; printf(“\n enter the two numbers”); scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b); sum = a + b; printf(“\nsum is%d”,b);]

The process of detecting and correcting errors in the program is debugging.

Statement is an instruction to a computer to perform a specific operation.

C pre-processor is a program that processes the source code before it passes through the compiler.

a=3, b=5 and c=6, a= 011, b=101 , c=110. a && b || c ||(!b) && (!c): (011&&101)||(110)||(010)& &(001) = 0011| 110||000 = 111= 7.

A Function is a subroutine that may include one or more statements designed to perform a specific task.

% (modulus) operator is used to represent the remainder obtained in integer division.

a%b always results in the remainder of division a/b. The value of 21%4 is 1.

(2*x+1)*(3*y+2*z)

Logical operators are used to make decisions The results of these operations are either true or false.

Operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain arithmetic or logical operations.

C program may contain one or more sections. Overview of a C program.

1 ^Λ 0 = 1 (1 XOR 0 = 1).

C programming combines the features of high level language with the elements of assembler, hence it is suitable for both systems and applications programming.

C is a powerful, flexible, portable and structured programming language.

a = 25 and b = 6.
(i) a+b = 25+6 = 31
(ii) a-b = 25-6 = 19
(iii) a*b= 25*6 =150
(iv) a/b=25/6 = 4
(v) a%b=25%6 = 1
(vi) -a%b= -25%6 = -1
(vii) a% -b= 25% -6 = 1

i) 28.689

ii) 2.8689e+01

“=” is an assignment operator whereas “= =” is an arithmetic operator.

C is a powerful, flexible language that has gained worldwide acceptance in recent years. C is concise, yet powerful in its scope. It is a high-level language that also incorporates features of low-level languages. It is becoming the standard for program development on small machines and microcomputers.

It is possible to apply C to nearly all application areas. Modularity (process of dividing problems into sub-problems) makes C ideal for projects involving several programmers. C permits nearly every programming technique. C is widely available for most brands and type of computers. It is portable. With all the features C is not a difficult language, it is one of the easiest languages to learn and implement.

C programming can be used to write any complex program because of its rich set of built-in functions and operations. C compiler combines the capabilities of an assembly language with the feature of high-level language and therefore it is very much suited for uniting both system software and business packages. Because of its variety of data types, powerful operator programs in C are efficient and fast. C has the ability to extend, it means user-defined functions can also be added to C library.

Program loop consists of two segments

(i) Body of the loop and

(ii) Control statement.

The test condition should be carefully stated in order to perform the desired number of loop execution. Test condition should transfer the control out of the loop as the condition false other wise control sets up an infinite loop. A looping process would include Setting & initialization of a counter, Execution of the statement in the loop, Test for the specified condition for execution of the loop and Updating the counter.

The C language provides three loop constructs for performing loop operation The While statement, The do-while statement and The for statement.

Type array name [size1] [size2] [size3]…………. [size n].

The syntax of for statement is
for (expression1;expression2;expression3)
{
Statement;
}

Different conditional statements are if statement, if-else, nested if-else and switch statement.

“^Λ=” represents bitwise XOR assignment operator. ( c = c ^Λ b or c ^Λ = b;)

If the statement is printf(“% d”,x); then it displays 998, instead if the statement is printf(“% f’,x); then it displays 9.98286e02.

Break statement is used to terminate the loop and exit from a particular switch case label. Syntax for break is

———————
———————
break;
———————-

(i) Variable name consists of Setters, digits & underscore (_)

(ii) Must begin with a letter. Some systems permit an underscore as the first character.

(iii) ANSI standard recognizes a length of 31 characters. However, the length should not be normally more than 8 characters, since only the first eight characters are treated significant by the compiler.

(iv) Uppercase and lowercase are significant, ie TOTAL is not same as total or

(v) Variable name should not be a keyword.

(vi) White space is not allowed.

Example: Valid: temp, avg, sum1 ,total, ph value, T_raise, mark, i, j Invalid: 123,25th 5times, (area) abc$ char, int, group one abc-5

The syntax of do while statement is
do
{
Statement;
}
while(logexp);

Conditional operator is used to test the relation between two variables.

‘- -‘ represent decrement operator.

Rules for subscripts are:

(i) each subscript must be an unsigned positive integer constant or an expression

(ii) subscript of a subscript is not permitted

(iii) maximum subscript appearing in a program for a subscripted variable should not exceed the declared one

(iv) subscript value ranges from 0 to one less than the maximum size. If an array has three elements then subscript can be 0,1,2.

Documentation section, link section, definition section, Global declaration section, Function section, subgroup Section are the different sections that appear in C programming.