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Profit and loss on revolution at the time of retirement is shared by Old Profit sharing ratio.

Specific donation is  Capital Receipts.

Excess of real profit on general profit called super profit.

Interest on partners capital is credited Partners Capital A/c.

Share of goodwill brought in cash by the new partner is called Premium.

Fixed exchange rate: is the rate which is officially declared in any other currency by the government or central bank. It is fixed for a particular period. Like 1 $ = 55 Rs.

Flexible exchange rate: is the exchange rate determined by the forces of demand and supply of foreign exchange in the market it is influenced by the market forces.

(i) The positively charged colloidal particles of Fe(OH)₃ get coagulated by the oppositely charged Cl- ions provided by KCl.
(ii) On passing direct current, colloidal particles move towards the oppositely charged electrode where they lose their charge and get coagulated.
(iii) Scattering of light by the colloidal particles takes place and the path of light becomes visible (Tyndall effect).

Henry’s law: It states that the partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase (P) is proportional to its mole fraction (x) in the solution.

When I reached home I found I had lost my wallet. The thought of the loss of my driving licence and credit cards made me extremely worried. A little later a car pulled up in front of my house, and a stranger got down the car. He was searching my house. I became very happy as I hoped that the person had found my wallet and had come to give it back to me. I gladly received him. But he did not talk to me about it. Instead he told me that he was a friend of my close friend and my friend had given him my address. He presented me the letter of Introduction. He wanted that I should help him to find a homely stay at some place as he was new to this city. Being satisfied, I invited him to stay in my house if he felt comfortable. He agreed and stayed with me for two days. I took him to the places of visit and when he departed, he was glad and invited me to have a visit to his town. I accepted his invitation but the worries of loss of my wallet were clearly visible on my face. The greatest problem was with my driving licence and credit card which might be misused. Now I was thinking to go to the police station to lodge an FIR but the next day, I got a fat envelope. I opened the envelope. I was taken aback. My wallet was in my hands and the driving licence and credit card and other documents were safe in the wallet. Some altruist had found my wallet and taking my address from the driving licence he sent it to me anonymously. I thanked a lot to the anonymous sender very much.

While strolling in the park near my house, I spotted a cobra. I panicked but stood there like a statue. Frightening thoughts were arising in my mind and then. I was terrified because I was worried for the safety of the cobra. People are so terrified of them that as soon as they see snakes, they come with their weapons and always try to kill them. I did not want that people should kill an innocent creature. I wanted to let it go safe and sound. I knew that if I screamed, people would run in throngs and they would not leave it. No doubt, cobras are venemous creatures. Their biting is fatal for human beings and man may breath has last in a few minutes after its biting but it is also true that they attack only when they are attacked. They are part and parcel of our environment. They are farmer friendly as they gobble up the insects and creatures which are harmful for the crops and if they are killed for no reason, who will save the environment. I kept on lingering there and called some of my friends and asked them not to kill it. We kept a sharp vigil on it and watched its movements. I know snakes do not listen but sense through their organs. They recognize the foot steps so we began to walk towards it slowly thus, I changed its course to run away towards its hole and finally it took refuge in its hole. I took a sigh of relief that I had not harmed an innocent creature.

64-A, Ashok Vihar 

New Delhi 

12 August, 20xx 

The Editor 

Times of India 

New Delhi 

Subject : Effects of Social Networking Sites on Children. 

Sir 

I wish to draw your kind attention towards the social websites which are a cause of concern for one and all. They are causing alarming changes in the brain of young users. Even the top neuroscientists are not in favour of these sites which are changing youngsters into recluse. They are becoming self-centred. A few sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram have been said to shorten the attention span of young minds which is alarming. 

Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I request you to make a general appeal to the parents to abstain their children from these sites. They should be encouraged to spend their time in reading good and knowledgeable books or playing outdoor games. I hope this will help them in withdrawing their mind from these websites. 

Thanking you 

Yours sincerely 

Vishal

Major functions of the Political Parties are as follows – 

(i) Parties contest elections. 

(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes. 

(iii) Parties play a decisive role in making laws of a country. 

(iv) Parties form and run the government. 

(v) Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition. 

(vi) Parties shape public opinion. 

(vii) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by the government. 

(viii) Any other relevant point. 

Any five points to be described.

Congress reluctant in participation of women – 

(i) Congress was keen only on the symbolic presence of women within the organization. 

(ii) Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives. 

(iii) Any other relevant point.  

Participation of women in Civil Disobedience Movement – 

(i) During Gandhiji’s Salt March, thousands of women came out of their homes to participate in protest marches. 

(ii) Manufactured salt and picketed liquor shops. 

(iii) Boycotted foreign goods. 

(iv) Many went to jail. 

(v) Women were from high caste families and from rich peasant households participated. 

(vi) Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to nation as a sacred duty of women. 

(vii) Any other relevant point. 

Any three points to be explained 

Detailed Answer : 

The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement was started by the Congress party in January 1921. Initially, this movement started with middle class participation in the cities. Thousands of students, teachers and lawyers gave up their institutions and profession and joined the movement. This movement began in different cities across the country. The Non-Cooperation Movement dramatically affected the economy of British India. The economic effects of Non-Cooperation Movement were as follows – 

(i) As foreign goods and foreign clothes were boycotted, the import of foreign clothes halved between 1921 and 1922, and its value dropping from 102 crore to 57 crore rupees. 

(ii) In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or invest in foreign trade. 

(iii) As people discarded imported clothes and started to use Indian clothes, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

Road Transport and Rail Transport :
The statement ‘Road Transport’ and ‘Rail Transport’ in India are not competitive but complementary to each other, can be justified in the following ways :
(i) Road transport is more suitable for short distances, whereas rail transport is more suitable for long distances.
(ii) Road transport is economical in the transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances, whereas rail transport is more suitable for a large number of people and heavy goods.

(iii) It is beneficial for perishable goods to be carried by roads in short period of time, whereas nonperishable and bulky goods are transported by railways for longer distances.
(iv) Road transport increases the efficiency of railways.
(v) Road transport links the rural areas with railway stations.
(vi) The deficiency of railways is compensated by road transport.

The age composition of a population refers to the number of people in different age groups in a country. 

It affects the population’s social and economic structure because:

Adults (15-60 years) contribute to the nation's economy by earning money. They are the working population as they feed and look after die two age groups. 

Aged (60 + years) do not contribute to the economy in any way. They depend on the adults.

The extratropical storm originating in the Mediterranean region that brings sudden winter rain to the north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent is called Western Disturbance. It is a non-monsoonal precipitation pattern driven by the westerlies.

They affect the climate of India in the fallowing ways:

(i) By causing cyclonic rainfall in the month of winter, which is otherwise dry, Western disturbance influences the weather of the North and North-Western India.

(ii) Although the amount of rainfall is meagre, it is highly beneficial to the Rabi crops, especially the wheat.

(iii) They cause snowfall in the mountains.

The image formed by a convex mirror is:

(i) always erect

(ii) smaller in size as compared to the object.

(iii) Virtual

(iv) Image is always formed between focus and pole and is behind the mirror.

(i) Destarch leaf of the potted plant, 

(ii) Using strips of black paper, cover a portion of the leaf. 

(iii) Expose the plant to sunlight for four hours. 

(iv) Pluck the experimental leaf. 

(v) Remove the black paper strips from the leaf. 

(vi) Test the experimental leaf for presence of starch. 

(i) The leaf peel of lower epidermis is taken and cut with a blade.

(ii) The cut pieces are transferred into a petridish containing water.

(iii) Leaf peel is stained with safranine.

(iv) Leaf peel after staining (2-3 minutes) is taken with a brush and kept on a clean glass slide.

(v) Mount the peel with glycerine and put coverslip on it.

(vi) Remove the excess stain and glycerin with the help of blotting paper.

(vii) Observe the slide under the microscope.

Two observations should be :-

(i)  Karyokinesis in which division of nucleus occurs.

(ii)  Karyokinesis is followed by cytokinesis in which division of cytoplasm occurs

Difference between an ammeter and voltmeter :

The resistance of a conductor depends on :
(i) length of the conductor 
(ii) area of cross section

The plant kept in continuous light will live longer, because it will be able to produce oxygen required for its respiration by the process of photosynthesis.

Oxygen is evolved as a by-product of photosynthesis during photolysis of water.

On the other hand, the plant kept in light would be able to carry out photosynthesis and thus convert CO₂ into oxygen. Hence, this plant would live for a longer duration.

(i) Double displacement and precipitation reactions.

(ii) Combination and oxidation reactions.

(iii) Thermal decomposition.

(iv) Displacement reaction.

(v) Combination and exothermic reactions.

(i) Oral contraceptive pills: It may disturb normal ovulatory menstrual cycles.

(ii) Copper-T: It cannot prevent sexually-transmitted diseases.

(i) Reproductive parts of bread mould (Rhizopus) – Sporangium

Non-reproductive parts of bread mould (Rhizopus) – Hyphae

(ii) Two advantages of vegetative propagation:

(i) Helps in growing seedless plants.

(ii) Helps in preservation of the characters of the parent plant.

It is a basic salt because when dissolved in water, it gives a strong base NaOH. 

It is used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes in paper and glass industry.

When a base having two or more OH group in its molecule is reacted with acid, its OH group may  partially be replaced by anion during its neutralisation. The  salt formed has got at least one OH group in its moecule and so retains its basic property to some extent . This salt is capable of further neutralisation of an acid.This type of salt is called basic salt.

Pb(OH)Cl is an example of basic salt.

Pb(OH)₂ +HCl-> Pb(OH)Cl+H₂O

NaCl + H₂O + CO₂ + NH₃ → NH₄Cl + NaHCO₃. 

2NaHCO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + CO₂↑ + H₂O 

Na₂CO₃ + 10H₂O → Na₂CO₃.10H₂O

Chemical name — Sodium carbonate decahydrate 

Formula — Na₂CO₃.10H₂O 

Calcium sulphate hemihydrate -CaSO₄.1/2H₂O

Calcium sulphate dihydrate - CaSO₄.2H₂O.

Hydrated copper sulphate- CuSO₄.5H₂O

Anhydrous copper sulphate - CuSO₄.

Activity: (i) Heat a few crystals, of copper sulphate in a dry boiling tube.

(ii) Add 2-3 drops of water on the sample of copper sulphate obtained after heating.

After heating, water is removed and salt turns white.

If crystals are moisten again with water, blue colour reappears. Water of crystallization is fixed number of water molecules present in one formulae unit of a salt. Five water molecules are Present in one formula unit of copper sulphate.

(i) Hydrated copper sulphate – CuSO₄.5H₂O
Anhydrous copper sulphate – CuSO₄ 
Solutions 
Activity :
(a) Heat a few crystals of copper sulphate in a dry boiling tube.
(b) Add 2 – 3 drops of water on the sample of copper sulphate obtained after heating. Water is removed and salt turns white. If crystals are moisten again with water, blue colour reappears. Water of crystallisation is fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt. Five water molecules are present in one formula unit of copper sulphate. 
(ii) Calcium sulphate hemihydrate — CaSO₄.½H₂O (Plaster of paris)
Calcium sulphate dihydrate — CaSO₄.2H₂O (Gypsum) 
OR
(i) Chemical name — Sodium carbonate decahydrate
Formula — Na₂CO₃.10H₂O
(ii) NaCl + H₂O + CO₂ + NH₃ → NH₄Cl + NaHCO₃
2NaHCO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + CO₂↑ + H₂O
Na₂CO₃ + 10H₂O → Na₂CO₃.10H₂O
(iii) It is a basic salt because when dissolved in water, it gives a strong base NaOH. It is used as a cleaning agent, in paper and glass industry.

Improvements in farming efficiency began slowly and then accelerated. Every step was traumatic for millions of families, and the process still continues worldwide. A look at how progress in farming has affected people can help you to understand the world today.

Improvements in farming efficiency began slowly and then accelerated. Every step was traumatic for millions of families, and the process still continues worldwide. A look at how progress in farming has affected people can help you to understand the world today.

A Revolution Begins

Surprisingly, one of the biggest steps leading away from subsistence farming in Europe occurred during the 12th century when the horse collar was introduced. It enabled a horse to work without choking itself. Horses thus harnessed could pull harder, faster, and longer than the oxen that were formerly used. With horsepower, farmers could increase their production. They could use iron plows on land that was previously impossible to cultivate. Another early step forward was the introduction of soil-improvement crops —such as beans, peas, clover, and alfalfa— which enrich the earth with nitrogen. Richer soil produced crops that were more abundant.

Those early advances were enough to permit some farmers to grow a surplus of food to sell. This led to the growth of towns, where people could purchase their food and work as manufacturers and tradesmen. From among these rich manufacturers, tradesmen, and farmers came the inventors of the first farming machines.

About 1700, Jethro Tull, an English farmer, invented a horse-drawn seed drill that replaced hand sowing, a practice that wasted seed. In 1831, in the United States, Cyrus McCormick invented a horse-drawn mechanical reaper that could harvest grain five times faster than could a man with a handheld scythe. Also about that time, traders began bringing fertilizers into Europe from the Andean coast of South America. The use of machines and fertilizer produced a dramatic increase in farm production. But how did it affect people?

Progress in farming made the industrial revolution possible by providing plenty of cheap food for the towns. This revolution occurred first in Britain about 1750-1850. Thousands of families had to move to industrial towns to work in coal mines, iron foundries, shipyards, and textile mills. They had little choice. The small farmers who could not afford the new farming methods received less cash for their produce and so could not pay their rent. They had to leave their farms to live in overcrowded, disease-ridden slums. Instead of families farming together, men now had to work away from home. Even children worked long hours in factories. Other nations soon experienced similar changes.

Scientific Farming Brings More Changes

By 1850, some nations were prosperous enough to finance agricultural research. The scientific study of agriculture has led to continued change down to our day. For example, plant breeders studied genetics and developed plants with greater yields or disease resistance. Researchers also discovered the exact mixture of nitrates and phosphates needed for specific crops and soils. Weeds had kept farm laborers busy hoeing throughout the growing season. But many such workers lost their jobs when scientists developed sophisticated herbicides that slowed the growth of weeds. Insects, worms, and weevils are also old enemies of the cultivator. However, farmers can now select from an armory of chemicals to deal with almost any pest.

The livestock farmer’s life has also changed. Robotic milkers and computerized feeders allow one herdsman and his helper to care for up to 200 cows. Farmers can also get calves and pigs to put on weight faster than ever before by raising them in sheds instead of in open fields, thus controlling their temperature and diet.

The returns from scientific farming were often spectacular. Some farmers increased their yield per worker to a hundred or even a thousand times preindustrial levels. But how did those developments affect people’s lives?

The Farmer’s Lifestyle Changed

Machines have transformed the farmer’s way of life in many places. Most farmers and farm laborers now have to be skilled in operating and maintaining sophisticated machinery. And increasingly, they are lone workers. Gone is the camaraderie of sowing, hoeing, and harvesting in teams.

The horizontal component of velocity is constant in a projectile motion.

Periodic vibrations produced in a cesium atom is the basis of cesium atomic clock. In other words, it uses as reference the frequency of microwave spectral lines produced by cesium atoms.

Correct option: (4) Mobile charges carriers

Explanation: 

There is a recombination of electrons and holes in the depletions region. Hence the charge carriers, in this region, are immobile. 

Total no. of possible outcomes = 13 {5 red, 8 black}

Let E ⟶ event of drawing red ball.

No. of favourable outcomes = 5 {5 red balls}

Probability, P(E) = (No. of favorable outcomes)/(Total no. of possible outcomes) = 5/13

Bar E⟶ event of not drawing red ball

P(Bar E)=1 − P(E)

= 1 − 5/13

= (13-5)/13

= 8/13

Total number of letters in 'MATHEMATICS' = 4 Vowels are A, E, A, I i.e, 4 in numbers.

. ^.. Probability of getting a vowel = 4/11

so, answer is 4/11

f'(x) = 0 ⇒ – 9 + 12x – 3x² = 0

⇒ – 3(x² – 4x + 9) = 0

⇒ –(3) (x – 1) (x – 3) = 0

⇒ x = 1, x = 3

∴ The intervals are (–∞, 1), (1, 3), (3, ∞)

So, f(x) is strictly decreasing in

(–∞, 1) ∪ (3, ∞) and strictly increasing in (1, 3).

Kinetic Theory of gases :

(i) A given amount of gas consists of a very large number of molecules.

(ii) The size of a molecule is much smaller than the average distance of separation between the molecules.

(iii) There are no intermolecular forces between molecules of a gas. [except during collision]

(i) CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ + heat

(ii) H₂S + Cl₂ → 2HCl + S

Oxidising agent Cl₂, Reducing agent H₂S.

(iii) It is known as rancidity. Only food must be kept in air tight containers.

Eukaryotic cells possess a set of positively charged, basic proteins called histones which are rich in basic amino acid residues lysine and arginine. Histones are organised to form a unit of eight molecules, called histone octamer. The negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone octamer to form a structure called nucleosome. A typical nucleosome contains 200 bp of DNA helix and nucleosomes form the repeating unit of a structure of the nucleus called chromatin.

The success rate of fertilisation  is improved  in animal husbandry programmes by the multiple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET) technology.

1. A cow is administered with FSH for inducing the maturation of the follicles and super ovulation, i.e. production of 6-8 ova per cycle instead of one egg.
2. An administered cow is then allowed to mate with the selected bull or is artificially iqseminated.
3. The fertilised egg at 8-32 stages are recovered non-surgically and transferred to the  surrogate mother.

This means that the frequency of alleles of a gene or a locus is supposed to remain fixed and same from generation to generation. The gene pool always remains constant. Two factors that affects the genetic equilibrium are:
(1) Gene drift
(2) Genetic Recombination,

A single habitat may have different kind of organisms in it but within the habitat every organism has defined range of condition that it can tolerate , resources it utilises and plays a distinct functional role - all these together comprise its niche , for example pond is a habitat for variety of plants and animals , but in it Gambusia fish is found in its peripheral parts which is its niche. (Any other suitable example with explanation)

Innate Immunity , Acquired Immunity that a baby acquires from his mother’s milk after birth is an example of passive Immunity 

Environmental factors like temperature, water, light, soil, etc., may influence the members of communities in varying degrees. Organisms in response to these factors shall try to adapt according to their capacities. In this process, they may try to maintain a constant internal environment through homeostasis or migrate to a less stressful environment or may even suspend activities till favourable conditions return.