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(a) Antiseptics are the chemicals which prevent the growth of micro-organisms or kill them and are not harmful to human beings.

(b) Antioxidants are the substances which when added to food, retards or prevents oxidative deterioration of food.

Yes, I agree with the statement. The elements or compounds of the metals which occur in nature in the earth’s crust are called minerals whereas ore is a mineral from which the metal is profitably extracted.

• It is because metal cannot be extreacted from mineral in a convenient way.

Eg: Aluminium metal is found in both mineral -
clay and bauxite.

• But aluminium is extracted only from bauxite in a convenient way. So bauxite is not ore of aluminium.

Molar mass of Calcium (Ca) = 40 g

We know that the number of atoms in 1 mole of any element is given by the "Avagadro number " which is 6.023 × 10²³.

So, number of moles in 120 gm of Ca = 120/40

= 3

So, number of atoms in 3 moles of Ca = 3 × 6.022 × 10²³ atoms.

= 18.069 × 10²³

Molar mass of Iron (Fe) = 56

Number of moles in Fe = 120/56

= 2.14

Number of atoms in 2.14 moles of Fe = 2.14 × 6.023 × 10²³

= 12.89 ×10²³

18.069 × 10²³ > 12.89 ×10²³

So, 120 g of Calcium has more atoms than 120 g of Iron.

Difference = 18.069 ×10²³ - 12.89 × 10²³

= 5.179 ×10²³ atoms.

(a) (iii) be 

(b) (i) are 

(c) (i) broken 

(d) (ii) for

(a) (iii) has been enduring 

(b) (i) most of us 

(c) (iii) an 

(d) (i) should be kept alive

Derry suffers from a tremendous sense of inferiority complex. He is always conscious that his face is ‘bad’, ‘terrible’ and ‘the ugliest thing’. People are ‘afraid’ of him. He tries to escape people. He allows himself to be alienated from the world. He is withdrawn and defiant. He thinks that no one will ever love and kiss him except his own mother.

On the other hand, Lamb accepts life as it comes. He has a positive attitude towards life, things and people. He doesn’t find solace in escapism. Children tease him by calling him ‘Lamey-Lamb’ but he doesn’t mind it. One of his legs was blown off in the war. But he is full of life and enjoys it. He enjoys sitting in the sun, reading books and growing weeds and flowers. Yet Lamb despite his brave front does feel lonely at times. While Derry openly talks about his alienation, Lamb has schooled himself to remain positive.

Case-1 :  3FeSO₄ (aq) + 2Al → Al₂(SO₄)₃ (aq) + 3Fe(s)

In this case light green solution of ferrous sulphate turns into colourless due to the displacement of Fe by Al.

Case-2 :  FeSO₄ + Cu → No reaction Because copper is less reactive than iron.

Case-3 :  FeSO₄ + Fe → No reaction

Case-4 :  FeSO₄(aq) + Zn → ZnSO₄(aq) + Fe

Zinc is more reactive than iron so light green colour of solution turns into colourless.

(i). Bromoethane
(ii). Methanal
(iii). Hexyne

India has experienced a whole array of social movements involving women, peasants, dalits, and others. We cannot apply the distinction of old and new social movements in the context of India. In a social movement, questions of social inequality can occur alongside other, equally important issues. 

Social inequality and unequal distribution of resources continue to be important elements in these movements. Dalit labourers have acted collectively to ensure that they are not exploited by upper-caste landowners and money-lenders. The women’s movement has worked on issue of gender discrimination in diverse spheres like the workplace and within the family. 

They are not just about old issues of economic inequality, nor are they organized along class lines alone. Identity politics, cultural anxieties and aspirations are essential elements in creating social movements and occur in ways that are difficult to trace to class-based boundaries. 

Autonomous Transactions: are independent of all other transactions in the BOP. These transactions are not influenced by the foreign exchange position of the country. Exports, imports etc are some examples. 

Accommodating Transactions: are undertaken to cover deficit or surplus in the autonomous transactions. Therefore, their magnitude is determined by the autonomous transactions. 

Deficit in BOP: is determined only by the autonomous transactions. When autonomous foreign exchange payments exceed autonomous foreign exchange receipts, the excess is called BOP deficit.

Problems of the functioning of ration shops:

(i) The PDS dealers are sometimes found resorting to malpractices like diverting the grains to open market for more profit.

(ii) Dealers sell poor quality grains at ration shops.

(iii) Ration shops are opened at irregular time creating problems for the people.

(iv) It is common to find that ration shops regularly have unsold stocks of poor quality grains.

(a) Under the leadership of Gandhiji, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930. The Dandi March signified the start of the Civil Disobedience Movement. It carried forward the unfinished work of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Practically, the whole country became involved in it. However, the Civil Disobedience Movement had some significant effects on India’s freedom struggle. 

These were:

(i) Strengthen the National Movement further.

(ii) Create political consciousness and a deep sense of patriotism in the minds of the people.

(iii) Bring women out of their homes and make them equal partners in the freedom struggle.

(iv) Make people understand the significance of the principles of non-violence.

(v) Make the British Government realise the need for constitutional reform, as a consequence the Government of India Act, 1935 was passed.

(b) From the Civil Disobedience Movement, I have learnt the value of patriotism, non-violence, passive resistance, mass-centric policy, tolerance, democratic principles, etc.

Demand deposits are considered as money, because they can be withdrawn when required and the money withdrawn can be used for making payments. So, they are also considered as money in the modern economy.

Tropical forests are characterized by the greatest diversity of species. They occur near the equator, within the area bounded by latitudes 23.5 degrees N and 23.5 degrees S. One of the major characteristics of tropical forests is their distinct seasonality: winter is absent, and only two seasons are present (rainy and dry). The length of daylight is 12 hours and varies little.

Three characteristics of tropical evergreen forests are:

(1) These forests appear green throughout the year and have heavy rainfall of more than 200 cm with a short dry season. 

(2) The trees reach great heights up to 60 metres or even above.

(3) Since the region is warm and wet throughout the year, it has an abundant vegetation of all kinds – trees, shrubs, and creepers. 

"A challenge is an opportunity for progress" because: 

(1) A challenge is not just a problem. 

(2) A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. 

(3) Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before.

(4) Legal challenges alone cannot overcome challenges to democracy like inequality, poverty, unemployment illiteracy, regionalism, casteism, communalism etc. 

(5) Legal constitutional changes and the cooperation of the citizen is the need of the hour. 

It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread. If that happened the authority of ‘valuable’ literature would be destroyed. Expressed by religious authorities and monarchs, as well as many writers and artists, this anxiety was the basis of widespread criticism of the new printed literature that had began to circulate.

Examples:

(a) Europe: In the sixteenth century, Menocchio, a miller in Italy, began to read books that were available in his locality. He reinterpreted the message of the Bible and formulated a view of God and Creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church. When the Roman Church began its inquisition to repress heretical ideas, Menocchio was hauled up twice and ultimately executed.

(b) India: Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances. The story of a girl in a conservative Muslim family of north India who secretly learnt to read and write in Urdu. Her family wanted her to read only the Arabic Quran which she did not understand.

The government is responsible for ensuring security to the citizens and providing facilities for education and health to all.

• It collects taxes and spends the money thus raised on administration, defence and development programmes.
• It formulates and implements several welfare schemes.
• To attend to all these tasks, several arrangements are made in all modern democracies. Such arrangements are called Political Institutions.
• To solve the disputes Institutions are needed to solve the disputes between various institutions.
• To take right decisions Institutions are also needed to help the government to take the right decisions. They determine what is wrong, and what is right.

The major consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union for countries like India can be analysed as follows: 

1. Disintegration of Soviet Union gave an end to Cold War confrontations and to ideological disputes between two superpowers. 

2. Military alliances had been abolished and demand arose for world peace and security, 

3. Multipolar system was surpassed to exist where no single power could dominate and a group of countries could play a crucial role in world politics like NAM Countries. 

4. The US became the sole superpower and capitalist economy became dominant at international level. World Bank and IMF became powerful advisors due to their economic support to these countries during transitional period.

5. The motion of liberal democracy emerged as a way to organise political life.

6. Due to disintegration of Soviet Union many new countries emerged with the independent aspirations and choices. 

7. The Baltic and East European states wanted to join European Union and became the part of NATO. The Central Asian countries took the advantage of their geographical location and continued close ties with Russia, West, China and others.

• This process is called regeneration.
• When a Planaria is cut into three pieces, each of its pieces grow into separate individual; specialized cells proliferate; mass of cells get differentiated into various cells and tissues. 
• Another example of an organism showing the characteristics is Hydra

Two functions each of 

• Ovaries: 

(i) Production of female sex hormone. 

(ii) Production of female gamete. 

• Fallopian tube 

(i) Transfer of female gamete from ovary 

(ii) Site of fertilization. 

• Uterus 

(i) Implantation of zygote 

(ii) Nourishment of developing embryo.

• Four methods of contraception 

(i) Mechanical/ Barrier method 

(ii) Use of hormonal preparations 

(iii) Use of loop/Copper-T/ IUCD 

(iv) Surgical method (Tubectomy/ Vasectomy) 

• Effect on health and prosperity 
• Health of women is maintained
• Better attention of children by the parents
• More resources for better living standard

Consumer rights. Generally accepted basic consumer rights are: 

(1) Right to safety: protection from hazardous goods.

(2) Right to choose: availability of competing goods and services that offer alternatives in terms of price, quality, service.

Advantages of SHGs are:

1. The SHGs help the borrower to overcome the problem of lack of collateral.

2. They can get timely loans for a variety of purposes and at a reasonable interest rate.

3. SHGs are the building blocks of organisation of the rural poor.

4. Not only do they help women become financially self-reliant, the regular meetings of the group provide a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.

The process by which a changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in another conductor is called electromagnetic induction.

By moving a magnet towards or away from a coil. We take a coil with several turns and it is connected to a sensitive galvanometer. When a bar magnet is moved towards the coil, we see a deflection in the galvanometer. This deflection dies down after some time. The deflection is because of the induced current.

Hence, the value of induced current produced in a circuit depends on the following factors:

1. number of turns in given coil
2. area of each turn in given coil
3. rate of change of magnetic field

The rule used of determination of direction of induced current is Fleming's right-hand rule.

Collateral glands are two highly branched tubular glands in cockroach, which are unequal in size. Both the glands open on the dorsal side of the genital chamber. The secretion produced by these glands form the oothecal case of the ootheca.

Reproduction through spores is a type of asexual reproduction. It has several benefits, they are as listed below:

• Spore reproduction is quick and multiplies many at once, hence the population will increase and survival chances are high.
• They remain dormant till favourable conditions are available.
• As they are light, they can be carried by wind and hence can start growing in different regions.
• They possess thick walls which enables them to survive even in unfavourable conditions.
• As it is an asexual form of reproduction, there is no error in the copies of new entities produced, hence parental characters are not lost.
• They assist the entity to tide over the bad phase.

When the light passes through atmosphere, it gets scattered by small air particles. The scattering of light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. As the red light has the highest wavelength among all the colours, so it is scattered the least. Due to which most of the light gets reflected back and can travel longer distances through rain, fog, dust etc. to reach our eyes effectively.

S = {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2 T3, T4, T5, T6}

√2 is a complex number.

A number is chosen at random from the numbers -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Then the probability that square of this number is less than or equal to 1 is 3/11.

∆ACB~∆ADC (AA criterion)

⇒ AC/AD = AB/AC

∴ AB = 12 cm

Leap year = 366 days = (52 × 7 + 2) days = 52 weeks and 2 days.

Thus, a leap year always has 52 Fridays.
The remaining 2 days can be:
(i) Sunday and Monday 

(ii) Monday and Tuesday
(iii) Tuesday and Wednesday 

(iv) Wednesday and Thursday
(v) Thursday and Friday

 (vi) Friday and Saturday
(vii) Saturday and Sunday

Out of these 7 cases, we have Fridays in two cases

P(53 Fridays)=2/7

(a) Top level management

(b) Function performed by Ashutosh Goenka are :-

1. Determining the long term objectives of the enterprise.

2. Framing of broad policies for entire organisation.

3. Organising activities to be performed.

4. Assembling resources required.

5. Keeping liaison with various external agencies like govt. industrial associations etc.

6. Providing guidance and direction to departmental heads.

1. Ashutosh Goenka was working at top level of management. 

2. Following are the functions of top level management:

• To determine goals for the enterprise. 
• To suggest ways of achieving the goals of the enterprise. 
• To frame policies for the enterprise. 
• To maintain liason with the outside world viz., government, trade unions, etc. 
• To control and monitor the planned performance.

Feature of societal marketing concept – It is based on profit through consumer satisfaction and social welfare. 

Feature of selling concept – It is based on profit through sales volume. 

Feature of marketing concept – It is based on profit through production and distribution of goods and services which are needed by the customers.

Impact of government policy changes on business and industry in India:
1. Competition has increased for Indian firms due to the entry of foreign firms.
2. Customers have become more demanding as they have a wider choice.
3. Technological environment is rapidly changing creating tough challenges for smaller firms.
4. It has become necessary for enterprises to change and modify their operations to cope with the turbulent market forces.
5. There is a need for developing human resource as the new market conditions require people with higher competence and greater commitment.
6. Enterprises are forced to adopt a market orientation so that they could study the market and produce goods accordingly.
7. There is loss of budgetary support to the public sector as the government feltthat the public sector needs to be more efficient in order to survive and grow.

Major reasons for the split of congress (o) and congress (R) : 

i. She gave left orientation to the govts policies ignoring syndicates 

ii. For presidential elections , supported v v giri 

iii. Abolished privy purse 

iv. Banks were nationalized against old members of congress 

v. Sidelined syndicates 

vi. Neglected them in all the policies

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a major regional initiative by the South Asian states to evolve cooperation through multilateral means. 

d. Provide the developed countries with a greater role in international economic institutions.

Reforms for strengthening of UN : 

i. Reforms in the organizations structure and processes 

ii. Review of the issues that fall within the jurisdiction of the organization 

iii. major concerns has been the composition of the Security Council, which has remained largely static while the UN General Assembly Membership has expanded 

iv. Increase in the number of both permanent and non-permanent members in UNSC 

v. Security Council should have more developing countries in it like Asia , Africa and South America 

vi. Proposal to improve UNs budgetary procedures and its administration 

vii. Some countries want the organization to play a greater role in peace and security missions 

viii. Others want it play humanitarian role 

Relevance of NAM : 

i. Opposition to racism 

ii. Respect for human rights and dignity 

iii. Opposition to counter neo colonialism 

iv. Maintain environmental balance 

v. NIEO 

vi. To curb terrorism 

The demolition of disputed mosque at Ayodhya on 6 December 1992 by Karseva, led to a serious debate over secularism:

• Most political parties condemned the demolition and declared it to be against secularism.

• A debate took place about using religious sentiments for electoral purposes.

• It provided a consensus to combine economic growth with ecological responsibility for sustainable development.

• It recommended a list of development practices called Agenda 21 which induced climatic change, bio-diversity, forestry and development practices.

Examine the role of traditional notion of security in the contemporary world. External and internal 

- Concerned with military threats 

- choices before government-surrender prevent r defend 

- use deterrence defence alliance building and balance of power 

- Build up military power 

- threats from outside the border 

- In the country the threats are controlled and regulated by the government. 

- this was secured to the powerful countries of the world 

- Each responsible for their own security 

- Newly independent nations worried about internal separatist threats 

- Some countries in Africa and Asia that are newly independent worried about the military conflict with neighbours. 

- Attacks from the Cold war super powers from each other and colonies worried of cold war turning into hot war. 

(i) The various contemporary threats to security are the threats to both traditional and nontraditional nations of security. Most of these threats to security require cooperation rather than military confrontation. Military force may be applied in combating terrorism and threats of external attacks. 

(ii) In order to deal with various other threats to security like poverty, migration, refugee movements, health epidemic – international cooperation would be required this is called cooperative security. 

(iii) Cooperation can be bilateral, regional, continental or global. It would all depend on the nature of the threat and the willingness and ability of countries to respond. 

(iv) Cooperation security may also involve a variety of other players, both international and national – international organizations (UN, WHO, World Bank, IMF, etc), Non-Governmental organizations like Red Cross, Amnesty International, trade Unions and great personalities. 

(v) Cooperation security may involve the use of force to deal with governments that kill their own people or ignore the misery of their populations who are devastated by poverty, disease and catastrophe. 

(vi) In order to deal with threats to one’s border security nation employ the strategies of deterrence, defense, balance of power & alliance building. 

Agricultural product, transport technology and mining.

P = 3 x 10^-8cm ; E =10⁴N/C 

At stable equilibrium (θ₁ ) = 0° 

At unstable equilibrium (θ₂) =180° 

Work done in rotating dipole is given by: 

W = PE (cosθ₁ - cosθ₂ )  

=  (3 x 10^-8) (10⁴) [cos0^º - cos180^º] 

= 3 x10^-4 [1 - (- 1)] 

W = 6 x 10^-8J