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(i) Transducer: A device which converts energy from one form to another form. 

(ii) Repeater: It is a combination of a receiver and a transmitter. 

(iii) Transmitter: A device which processes the incoming message signal so as to make it suitable for transmission through a channel and for its subsequent reception. 

(iv) Bandpass filter: A bandpass filter blocks lower and higher frequencies and allows only a band of frequencies to pass through.

Analog signals: They are the continuous variations of voltage or current. Digital signals: They are the signals which can take only discrete values

When μL = μg
where μL = Refractive index of liquid and μg = Refractive index of glass

Ozone is a molecule containing three atoms of oxygen (O₃), a highly poisonous gas present in the upper layer of the atmosphere. 

Formation of Ozone : The UV radiations split molecular oxygen (O₂) apart into free oxygen atoms (O + O). These atoms then combine with molecular oxygen to form ozone. 

O₂ → O + O 

O + O₂ → O₃ 

Effect : Ozone layer shields the surface of the earth from damaging UV radiations of the sun.

The nucleophile having two nucleophilic centre but at a time only one attach with electrophilic centre is known as ambident nucleophile, e.g CN^– and NC^–, NO^–₂ and ONO^– etc.

Differentiate between Mineral and an ore are-

Nutrients requirement increases in Fever are: 

a.  Calorie -: for every 1°C rise in body temperature, calorie requirement increases, High metabolic rate

b.  Protein -: wearing and tearing of tissue, depletion of protein from cells and tissues

c.  Minerals and vitamins

The term “BRIC” (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) was first coined by Goldman Sachs economist Jim O’Neill in 2001, who intended to denote a new phenomenon of the four fastest-growing emerging economies of the world. The formation of the BRIC as a grouping emerged when the foreign ministers of the four countries met in New York in 2006, followed by a series of high-level meetings. Since then, the BRIC gradually evolved into a multilateral grouping with the first summit held in 2009. It became “BRICS” when South Africa was invited by China to the Third Heads of State BRIC Summit.

Based on the phenomenon of the rise of new or emerging powers coupled with the situation of the financial crisis that has been weakening the traditional powers, global research and academic communities are predicting that the world order is experiencing a rebalancing of power. Such prediction is most evident in the economic dimension but has implications in the global political domains as well. Many scholars highlighted this transformation from a Realist perspective that the world is experiencing an interesting but “disturbing” moment characterized by an imbalance between the order and the distribution of power that is becoming more diffused. 

Following are the stages of Indian economic history:-

(a) Pre-colonial phase- India’s economy was extensively monetised in the late pre-colonial period. While various kinds of non-market exchange systems such as the jajmani system did exist in many villages and regions, even during the pre-colonial period villages were incorporated into wider networks of exchange through which agricultural products and other goods circulated. There existed extensive and sophisticated trading networks. India was a major manufacturer and exporter of handloom cloth as well as the source of many other goods such as spices that were in great demand in the global market, especially in Europe. These traditional trading communities such as the Nakarattars also had their own banking and credit system called the Hundi. 

(b) Colonial phase- under colonialism, there began penetration of commercial money into local agrarian economies and the incorporation into wider trading networks that brought about radical social and economic changes in rural and urban areas. Land revenue was to be paid in cash; India’s handloom industry declined; India became a supplier of raw material and a market for cheap manufactured goods. New groups entered into trade and business, sometimes in alliance with existing merchant communities and in some cases by forcing them out. The market expansion provided new opportunities to some merchant communities, which were able to improve their position by re-orienting themselves to changing economic circumstances. New communities emerged to take advantage of the economic opportunities provided by colonialism and continued to hold economic power after independence. 

(c) Post-independence phase- Marwaris were one such community that took advantage of the opportunities and became a successful business community. They accumulated wealth and with their extensive social networks that created relations of trust, they were able to establish themselves as moneylenders and bankers.

Nature produces more boys than girls, if despite this the sex ratio is in favour of girls then it is because the following two reasons

(a) girl babies appear to be more resistant to diseases in infancy. 

(b) women have tended to outlive men in most societies 

But, in China and India, there has been witnessed a decline in sex ratio because of the social norms that tend to value males much more than females, which leads to preference for sons. 

(a) Globalisation, a period in which the world is becoming increasingly connectednot only economically but culturally and politically. The term globalisation includes many trends such as increase in international movement of commodities, money, information and people, as well as the development of technology and other infrastructure to allow this movement. A central feature of globalisation is the increasing extension and integration of markets around the world. This implies that changes in the market in one part of the world will lead to changes somewhere else far away. Example-India’s booming software industry may face if the US economy does badly. 

(b) The child can give his/her personal opinion.

One measure to improve Indo- Pak ties in the current scenario can be – 

(i)Leaders can meet at summits to create better understanding. 

(ii) Social activists and prominent personalities can collaborate to create an atmosphere of friendship.

India and Sri Lanka are the two countries of the South Asian region which have retained their democratic tradition since Independence. 

Mass media is a part of our life- 

• In many middle class households across the country people wake up to put on the radio switch on the TV look for the morning newspaper. 
• The younger generation of the same household may first glance at their mobile phones to check missed calls. 
• Plumbers, electricians carpenters and other service providers in urban centers have a mobile phone where they can be easily connected. 
• Indians abroad keep regular touch with friend and families back home over the internet and telephones.

1. Operate interest on the India social scene and clamour for control of the state resources. 
2. Empowerment of the poor and the marginalized, poverty alleviation and ending of the caste. 
3. The issue of the closure of factory because it emits toxic waste and affect the health of those around. This is a matter of life which the constitution protects. 
4. Closure of the factory will render people jobless. Livelihood again is a matter of life that the constitution protects.

Non–Cooperation Movement spread in cities across the country :
(i) The movement started with middle class participation in the cities.
(ii) Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges.
(iii) Headmasters and teachers resigned and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
(iv) The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras where Justice Party took part in elections.
Effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front were :
(i) Foreign goods were boycotted.
(ii) Liquor shops were picketed.
(iii) Foreign clothes were burnt in huge bonfires.
(iv) The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921-1922. In value the drop was from Rs.102 crore to Rs.57 crore.
(v) In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
(vi) The people began discarding imported clothes and wore only Indian ones.
(vii) Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up tremendously.

(i) Nationalists in India used print media to publish the evil affects of British rule and spread new ideas.
(ii) As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist, the colonial government decided to take strong measures.
(iii) In 1878 the Vernacular Press Act was passed which provided the government with intensive rights to censor reports and efitorials in the vernacular press.
(iv) The government started keeping regular track on vernacular news papers. If it published some material which was considered to be seditious, the government seized the press and confiscated the printing machines.
(v) Despite repressive measures nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India.

Author of ‘Mayor of Casterbridge’ was Thomas Hardy.
Story :
(i) It is a story about Michael Henchard, a rich grain merchant who becomes the Mayor of Casterbridge.
(ii) He is independent-minded with his own business style.
(iii) He was both unpredictably generous as well as cruel with his employees.
(iv) He was no match for his manager and rival Donald Farfrale who runs business with efficiency and is well-behaved and has good temperament.

By conducting a thorough industry analysis, you gain insights about your competitors. You can use these insights to help you develop a marketing plan to move your business forward. As you evaluate your competitors and their weaknesses, you may see opportunities to capitalize on those weaknesses. For example, if you’ve noticed that your competitors tend to offer an impersonal customer service experience, you could mention in your marketing materials that your business offers personalized service.

An industry analysis also offers insights for business planning. Once you’ve identified threats to your industry, you can implement a plan to mitigate those threats. For example, if your business offers technical support to other business owners, you might capitalize on the threat of cybersecurity lapses by offering robust, closely monitored security services that use the latest technology.

Industry analysis is also a critical component of a business plan. Including a thorough industry analysis in your business plan demonstrates to investors that you understand the potential opportunities and pitfalls of your business. It shows that you’ve given careful consideration to what makes your business unique and attractive to consumers.

Although conducting an industry analysis can be time consuming, it’s well worth the effort. You can find opportunities for success and proactively protect your business from potential threats to your industry. It’s a tool for reflecting on your business and its future within your industry.

Salary is one of the  Revenue expenses

This is because, at the point of intersection there will be two values of electric potential which is not possible.

(i) We know τ = MBsinθ
where τ = Torque acting on a short bar magnet
M = Magnetic moment
B = Magnetic field
τ = 0.5 × 0.1 × sin30° 

= 0.5 × 0.1 × 1/2 = 2.5 × 10^–2Nm
(ii) The direction of torque is always perpendicular to the plane containing magnetic moment and magnetic field (vector M x vector B).

Relation between the de Broglie wavelength (λ) associated with the electron and its kinetic energy

λ = h/√(2mE) where 

m = Mass of electron
E = KE of electron​

Here X → Rectifier
Y → Envelope detector
Rectifier: It allows only the positive half of the AM input wave to go onwards.
It separates the message signal from the carrier wave.

An oscillating or accelerated is supposed to be source of an electromagnetic wave. An oscillating change produces an oscillating electric field in space which further produces an oscillating magnetic field which in turn is a source of electric field. These oscillating electric and magnetic field, hence, keep on regenerating each other and an electromagnetic wave is produced 

The frequency of em wave = Frequency of oscillating charge

c) Going concern concept

 (i) Dynamic: (a) Management is a dynamic function and has to adapt itself to the changing environment. 

(b) An organization interacts with its external environment which consists of various social, economic and political factors. 

(c) In order to be successful, an organization must change itself and its goals according to the needs of the environment. For example, McDonalds, the fast food giant made major changes in its menu to survive in Indian market. 

(ii) Social environment: (a) Social environment of a business refers to the broad characteristics of the society in which a business enterprise operates. 

(b) The social environment of business include the social forces like customs and traditions, values, social trends, society’s expectations from business, etc. Social values and attitudes are changing very fast.

(i) Speed

(ii) Accuracy

(iii) Reliability

 Fe₄[Fe (CN)₆]₃

Moving vehicle gets charged due to friction. The inflammable material may catch fire due to the spark produced by charged vehicle. When metallic rope is used, the charge developed on the vehicle is transferred to the ground and so the fire is prevented.

(a) (1) a is S = CA²
b is log S = log C + Z log A
(2) Slope Z (regression coefficient). Its normal values ranges from 0.6 to 1.2
(3) In frugivorous birds and mammals, Z = 1.15.
(b) Reasons for greater diversity of animals are:

1. Animals are mobile and can avoid predator or unfavourable event.
2. Animals have well developed nervous system to receive stimuli against external forces and respond to them.

Silk, wool, fur.

Printed designs are sharper on the right side, more blurred on the back.

Tradition of artificially elongating the necks of girls and women with a series of brass rings.

Paul Poiret- Couturier, trendsetter to refrain from designing tight corset dresses.

Flapper look- created by designer Jean Patou in 1925. Slender, rectangular silhouette with delicate embroidery and accessorized with a long string of pearls.

a. Zirah Bakhtar- Mughal armour, chain mail shirt worn over a quilted inner garment.

b. Kavach- Indian waistcoat of armour for the torso.

(a) First country to design active and casual sportswear. Eg: swimsuits, jogging pants etc.

(b) Twice a year members of the international fashion world come together to conduct business worth billions of dollars.

(i) To see their willingness and their spirit to work. The two boys, Nicola and Jacopo, had brown skins, tangled hair and dark earnest eyes. The narrator was already impressed with their remarkable demeanour and wonderful ways. The narrator felt that Jacopo was lively as a squirrel while Nicola was steady and engaging. Their faces had seriousness as responsibility had dawned upon them in their childhood.  

(ii) The mirror metaphorically compares lake, which has the quality to reflect the object as a mirror does, with itself. When a woman bends over the lake and searches her real appearance in it, she is not satisfied with the reflection seen. So she shows agitation of hands and tears to show her resentment and hatred towards the mirror. Then she runs behind those liars, the candles and moonlight. 

(iii) His sin, guilt and regret. It was the thoughtless and reckless action of the Mariner that had brought them all the suffering. As a punishment, they hang the Albatross around the neck of the Ancient Mariner which would constantly remind him of his heinous act and make him feel guilty. 

(iv) It means making castles in the air. It means Patol Babu weighing his future in films even before the result is out. At first, he could not believe that a man, who was fifty-two years old and a non-entity like him could get such an offer to act in a movie. Moreover, there was no reason for him to refuse the offer. 

(v) The broken face of king Ozymandias. It was fallen on the sand and half covered by the sand.

(i) Michael
(ii) Article about Sebastian Sultz is being mentioned here.
(iii) About his accident
(iv) Sebastian Sultz

(i) Mrs. Slater is the speaker of the lines.
(ii) Speaker is speaking to Victoria.
(iii) Due to the arrival of Mr. Henry Slater.
(iv) Mr. and Mrs. Jordans

The Diary of a Young Girl 

The note of fear was never far away from Anne. Anne writes on 29th October, 1943 that sometimes she could only escape the ‘terrible fear’ through sleep. A couple of weeks later she reports that a simple thing like the doorbell ringing  made her stomach churn and her heart beat wildly in fear. She writes, “All the fear I have ever felt is looming before me in all its horror”. But she remains optimistic. She hopes for a better life and time. 

This must have taken considerable courage on her part. After the breakin which Anne reports on 11th April, 1944, she tells Mrs. Van Daan, “We must behave like soldiers”. Anne used to long for the happy life outside the annexe but at the same time feared the treatment given to the Jews outside. Jews were sent to the concentration camps. All her friends were in a terrible condition, but it was a blessing for her to be hiding in the annexe. This gave her courage at times when she became frustrated with her life in hiding. She knows that leaving the attic will likely result in her death as would her discovery by other than the sympathetic people hiding the Jewish families in the attic. During an air raid in July of 1943, Anne felt frightened as her house shaked, but she knews she couldn’t leave her hiding place. She was trapped yet she was courageous enough to go on. While Anne endured these types of situations, her hope for the future never faded and her enduring spirit was the quintessence of courage.

24 Mall Road 

Chennai 

14th June 20 xx 

The Editor 

The Times of India 

New Delhi 

Subject : Influence of Friends 

Sir 

Through the columns of your newspaper, I would like to highlight the importance of friends in the life of a student. 

We are all aware that friendship is a valuable relationship. It is a form of companionship which establishes bonding between two friends. It helps them in reducing stress as friends share problems with each other. Friendship boosts happiness. It is well said that joy is doubled and sorrow is halved if we share them with someone. 

But friendship can also prove to be bad as friends can have a negative impact also. Children develop vices in each other’s company. Sometimes peer pressure also leads to some bad habits. Children must realize the importance of learning from each other, they should make use of their time in a productive way. They can encourage each other and can be supportive. 

I request you to publish this letter in your newspaper so that children learn how to make friendship positive and productive and in turn how to stay away from the negative impact of friends. 

Thanking You 

Yours sincerely 

Aruna

Tortured by doubt and remorse, the postmaster sits in the glow of a charcoal signal that night, waiting for the news of his daughter. He was shocked when he picked up Ali’s letter thinking it to be his letter. Now he understood what Ali must be going through having waited for five years to hear from his daughter. It is rightly said that one feels other’s pain when one goes through it himself/ herself. Postmaster realised the pain of Ali when he himself suffered from the same. He regretted his haughty behaviour with him. He wanted to give Ali’s letter to him personally. But it was too late because Ali was no more. With his desire, he had died three months ago.

The mirror is personified — that is, it is endowed with human traits. It is able to recognise monotony, connecting on the regularity of the wall that it reflects most of the time. Further, while it does not offer moral judgement, it is able to observe and understand its owner (The woman) as she grapples with the reality of ageing. The woman struggles with the loss of her beauty admitting each day that she is growing older. Though the woman occasionally deludes herself with the flattering ‘liars’ candlelight and moonlight. She continually returns to the mirror for the truth the woman finds in her mirror.

112, Model Town 

Delhi 

17 July 20XX 

The Editor 

The Times of India 

Delhi 

Subject : Growing Number of Road-Accidents 

Sir 

Through the columns of your reputed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the general public towards the large number of accidents taking place especially in the metropolitan cities. 

The reason for this can be numerous, the foremost being the thrill of speed. People do not, generally, follow the traffic rules. They are always in a hurry to reach the destination. Moreover, most of the people these days are under stress which leads to the loss of concentration. Drunken driving, distraction like mobile phones, music etc., can also be one of the reasons the for the growing number of road accidents. Everyday, we see under-age drivers i.e., small-children driving to school or the coaching classes which again leads to rough driving or an increase in traffic. 

This problem can be overcome if more policemen act as deterrents. Stricter punishments should be given for even a small violation of the traffic rules. Children should be taught traffic rules at schools so that they learn to follow them. Parents can also be held responsible for the underage drivers. Moreover, carpools or public transport should be adopted in order to have lesser traffic on the roads. I hope you will publish this letter in your newspaper so that the general public becomes aware of this menace and cooperates up with the traffic police to solve this problem. 

Thanking you 

Yours sincerely 

Arun

(i) His guilt and repentance. It was the thoughtless and reckless action of the Mariner that had brought them all the suffering. As a punishment, they hang the Albatross around the neck of the Ancient Mariner which would constantly remind him of his heinous act and make him feel guilty. 

(ii) About himself and Sebastian. Because they lived a real life in the natural world of computer games. 

(iii) They lost their father and mother. The boys were quite alone in the world except for their sister Lucia. Their father, a widower and a well-known  singer, was killed in war. Added to that, a bomb blast destroyed their house. The boys and their sister were left to the streets, suffered horribly from starvation. They had always known a comfortable and a cultured life before these tragic happenings in their lives. The boys grew to hate the German and soon joined groups to protest against them. As soon as the war was over, the boys ran back to find their ailing sister and admitted her to that hospital where her treatment was going on at that time. 

(iv) He felt honoured. When the poet went to water-trough to take water in his pitcher, he saw a snake drinking water like cattle and felt honoured. It looked majestic to the poet. He admired it but realised that it was poisonous and decided to attack it. He picked up a log and threw it at the snake. But the snake escaped. The poet felt a sense of cowardice, perversity and humility. He regretted for his action — felt he would have to expiate for his moral lapse. 

(v) He rehearsed well before the scene. He practised how his expressions and features would be twisted, how his body would show pain and surprise. Patol Babu had always dreamt of making it big, famous and rich one day. He had got the opportunity of acting in a film. In the past, he had been a very good actor on the stage. He performed very well and earned everyone’s appreciation.

SALT AND SUGAR

An old man had two daughters. He loved both of them. Once, he asked them, “what is the sweetest thing in the world?”

“sugar,” said the older girl. “salt, “said the younger girl.

The old man thought the younger daughter was mocking him. He said, “if salt is sweeter than sugar, you had better find another home where the cooking is more to your taste”. And he pushed her out of the house. 

It was a beautiful summer night. The pretty maiden sat singing in the forest near her father’s cottage when a young prince, who had lost his way hunting, came to her. Struck by her beauty and gaiety, he fell in love with her and took her to his palace and married her.

The bride invited her father to the wedding banquet without telling him who she was. All the dishes were prepared without salt. The guests began to murmur.

“Oh”, said the bride’s father, “salt is truly the sweetest thing in the world. But when my daughter said so, I threw her out of the house. If only I could see her again and tell her how sorry I was!”

Drawing the veil from her face, the happy girl went to him and hugged him. Then, the properly salted dishes were brought in and all the guests ate their fill.

(i) Calpurnia is the speaker of the above lines.
(ii) Calpurnia saw bad omens in her dream regarding Caesar. So, she is worried for him.
(iii) Calpurnia is afraid for Caesar’s life and tries to convince him that he should not go out of the house and should not visit Senate-House.
(iv) She wants Caesar not to go to Senate House and stay at home.