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Vijaynagar Iron and Steel Industry in Karnataka.

Two broad categories of bhakti 

i. Saguna bhakti- Tradition that focused on the worship of specific deities as Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu and his avatars, and forms of goddesses or devis often conceptualized in anthromorphic forms. 

ii. Nirguna bhakti - worship of an abstract form of god

Noida Software Technology Park in Uttar Pradesh. 

Popular perceptions of kings- theGandatinduJataka describes the plight of the subjects of a wicked king. 

i. When the king went in disguise to find out what his subjects thought about him, each one of them cursed him for their miseries, complaining that they were attacked by robbers at night and by tax collectors during the day. 

ii. To escape from this situation, people abandoned their village and went to live in the forest. 

iii. As this story indicates the relationship between a king and his subjects, especially the rural population, could often be strained – kings frequently tried to fill their offers by demanding high taxes, and peasants particularly found suchdemands oppressive

RITUALS AND THE REAL WORLD 

(i) Basavanna was initially a jaina and minister of chalukya king. His followers were known as virashaivas or lingayats. They worshipped shiva as a linga 

(ii) Basavanna’s attitude towards rituals-challenged the idea of caste and the pollution attributed to brahamanas. They questioned the theory of rebirth. They did not practice funerary rites, gave stress on post-puberty marriages. 

(iii) his cult was lingayat & region he belonged to was Karnataka 

The most ancient system yet discovered 

i. Mackay has described it as complete ancient because of well planned, systematic and unique like its contemporary civilization particularly drainage system. Cleanliness part was also considered. 

ii. Yes , in large cities like Mohenjo-Daro and small settlement like Lethal drainage was unique. 

iii. Features of domestic drainage system 

a. Every house was connected with the street drain 

b. The main channel were made of brick set in mortar and were covered with loose bricks that could be removed for cleaning 

c. In some cases, limestone was used for the covers. 

d. House drains first emptied into a sump or cesspit into which solid matter settled while wastewater flowed out into the street drains. 

e. Very long drainage channels were provided at intervals with sumps for Cleaning.

Any one mature Harappa Sites. 

Kotdiji, Lothal, Kalibanga, Harappa, Mohanjodaro, Banawali, Dholavira, Nageshwar, Chaunjodaro, Balakot, Rakhigarhi.

- Rajasthan.

As the image is formed in front of the mirror, it is a concave mirror.  

u = −12 cm 

v = −48 cm  

Magnification m = −v/u 

= −48 /12 

= −4  

The image is magnified. It is real and inverted.

Distilled water does not contain any dissolved salts so it does not conduct electricity. Rain water contains dissolved impurities which are capable of conducting electricity. 

Alloys are homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and non-metal 

Examples : 

(i) Brass - Alloy of Cu and Zn 

(ii) Stainless steel - Alloy of Fe, Cr, Ni

Two ways to prevent iron from rusting 

(i) By painting or greasing 

(ii) By alloying

Steps involved in the extraction of metals from their ores : 

Ores 

↓

Powdering of ore 

↓

Concentration of ore

↓

Conversion of ore into metal oxide 

↓

Reduction of metal oxide into metal (Crude metal is obtained)

↓

Refining

↓

Pure metal

(1) Powdering of ores - Ores are broken into small pieces with the help of crushers. These pieces are then reduced to fine powder with the help of a ball mill or a stamp mill. 

(2) Concentration of ore- The process of removal of unwanted impurities (gangue) from the ore is called ore concentration. It can be done by hydraulic washing, Magnetic separation, Froth floatation leaching. 

(3) Conversion of ore into metal oxide : It can be done by two process (i) Calcination (for carbonate ores) (ii) Roasting (sulphide ores) 

(4) Reduction of metal oxide into metal :This process depends upon the nature and chemical reactivity of metal. 

(i) For low reactive metal : self reduction process 

(ii) For middle reactive metal : (a) Carbon reduction (b) Reduction with CO (c) Reduction with aluminium 

(iii) For high reactive metal : Electrolytic reduction 

(5) Refining of impure metal 

(i) Distillation refining : for refining volatile metals e.g. Zn, Hg 

(ii) Liquation : For refining low m.p. metals e.g. lead, tin 

(iii) Electrolytic refining : For metals like, e.g. Cu, Al etc.

(a) (i) AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag (NH₃)₂]⁺Cl^–

(ii) P₄+ 3NaOH + 3H₂O → PH₃ + 3NaH₂PO₂

(b) (i) This is because bond dissociation enthalpy of H–Te bond is less than H–S as the size of Te is larger than S.

(ii) Fluorine is a stronger oxidising agent than chlorine due to low dissociation enthalpy of F–F bond and high hydration enthalpy of F^– ions.

(iii) Noble gases are the least reactive elements due to fully filled outermost shells and zero electron gain enthalpy.

(a) (i) 3HgCl₂ + 2PH₃ → Hg₃P₂ + 6HCl

(ii) SiO₂ + 6HF → H₂SiF₆ + 2H₂O

(b) (i) Sulphur in vapour state exhibits paramagnetic behaviour because it forms S₂ molecules like O₂ which contains two unpaired electrons.

(ii) The stability of +3 state increases down the group in group 15 due to inert pair effect.
(iii) This is due to presence of two bond pairs and three lone pairs of electrons in XeF₂.

1. 2 PH₃ + 3 HgCl₂ → Hg₃P₂ + 6 HCl
2. BrO^–₃ + F₂ + 2OH^– → BrO^–₄ + 2F^– + H₂O

Bond enthalpy of N – N single bond is less than P – P single bond due to lone pair-lone pair repulsion in N – N hence N shows less catenation than phosphorus.

Formation of depletion layer: 

At the junction there is diffusion of charge carriers due to thermal agitation; so that some of electrons of n-region diffuse to p-region while some of holes of p-region diffuse into n-region. Some charge carriers combine with opposite charges to neutralise each other. Thus near the junction there is an excess of positively charged ions in n-region and an excess of negativelycharged ions in p-region. This sets up a potential difference called potential barrier and hence an internal electric field E_i  across the junctions. The field E_i is directed from n-region to p-region. This field stops the further diffusion of charge carriers. Thus the layers (≈10^-4cm to 10^-6cm) on either side of the junction becomes free from mobile charge carriers and hence is called the depletion layer.

Susceptibility of material is negative, so given material is diamagnetic.

Electric field along X-direction.

Magnetic field along Z-direction

A diverging lens when placed in a medium of refractive index greater than that of the lens.

μ = tan 60° 

= √3 

=1.732 

Refractive index of medium is 1.732.

Path (d) is followed by electric field line. 

Reason: There are no electric field lines within a metallic sphere and field lines are normal at each point of the surface

• Velocity of sound is directly proportional to the wavelength. Thus, if the velocity of sound doubles when it travels from one medium to another, its wavelength also doubles. 

• The frequency of sound depends upon the source of sound, not the medium of propagation. Hence, it does not change.

The LCR series circuit is a very important example of a resonant circuit. It has a minimum of impedance Z = R at the resonant frequency and the phase angle is equal to zero at resonance.

• The inventor of wireless telecommunication, Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose was born on November 30, 1858 in British India's Bengal Presidency. 

• In November 1895, Bose presented a public demonstration at Town Hall in Calcutta, where he sent an electromagnetic wave across 75 feet, passing through walls to remotely ring a bell and to explode some gunpowder. 

• Bose is known as the father of wireless telecommunication. He had invented the Mercury Coherer, a radio wave receiver that was used by Guglielmo Marconi to build an operational two-way radio. 

• The science behind capturing radio waves was first demonstrated by Bose. While Marconi was celebrated for his invention, Bose remained unknown to many, as he never patented his work. 

• He was the first scientist to discover that plants too are living beings and have similar life cycles and functions like animals. 

• He invented the Crescograph, a device used to analyse and understand the functions of different stimuli in plants. 

• He conducted many chemical experiments to prove that plants can feel pain and react to affection and anger. 

• Bose was appointed as a professor in Presidency College (now University) in Calcutta by the order of Lord Ripon on his return from London.

• When a block of metal is kept in a varying magnetic field then Eddy current is produced. 

• An eddy current is a current set up in a conductor in response to a changing magnetic field. 

• They flow in closed loops in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. 

• By Lenz law, the current swirls in such a way as to create a magnetic field opposing the change; for this to occur in a conductor, electrons swirl in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. 

• Because of the tendency of eddy currents to oppose, eddy currents cause a loss of energy. 

• Eddy currents transform more useful forms of energy, such as kinetic energy, into heat, which isn’t generally useful.

Short radiowaves λ <10 m or v >30MHz are used in satellite communication

Diamagnetic substances: These are the substances in which feeble magnetism is produced in a direction opposite to the applied magnetic field. These substances are repelled by a strong magnet. 

These substances have small negative values of magnetism vector M and susceptibility c and positive low value of relative permeability μ_r, i.e., 

1 ≤ c ≤ 0, 0 <μ_r <1 

The examples of diamagnetic substances are bismuth, antimony, copper, lead, water, nitrogen (at STP) and sodium chloride

Given E = = E_osin ωt

I= I_osin (ωt + π/2) 

Since difference between voltage and current is π/2 

Hence, 

Power of cos ϕ = cos π/2 = 0 

Power consumption = E_RMSI_RMS cos ϕ= 0

From Kirchhoff’s I law  I₃ = I₁ + I₂ …(i) 

Applying Kirchhoff’s II law to loop PRSP 

- 20I₃ -200I₂ + 5 = 0

=> 40I₂ + 4I₃ = …(ii) 

Applying Kirchhoff’s II law to loop PRQP 

- 20I₃ - 60I₂ + 4 = 0 => 15I₁ + 5I₃ = 1

(c) Sound travels in the form of transverse waves

(b) Temperature of the medium

(b) Reflecting surface

(d) All of above

Speed of sound in air is (at 22ºC) is 344 ms^-1.

(c) Less than speed of sound in solids & liquids 

(a) Mass of body attached only

A body weights 500 g in air and 400 g in water. The upthrust on the body is 100 gwt.

(c) Clibrated

(b) Low density of air in the balloon

(d) Both (a) and (b)

(c) Weight upthrust

The SI unit of density of a substance is kg/m³.

Factors are :

(i) magnetic permeability of the medium 

(ii) electric permittivity of the medium

A spring balance calibrated in Newton, reads 19.6 N, its mass in grams is 2000 g.

In photon picture, intensity is determined by the number of photons crossing per unit time.

(i) Energy density u = B²/µ₀ 

u = 11.5 X 10^-9 J/m³.

(ii) Speed = ω/k

speed= 3 X 10⁸ m/s

The induced current always opposes the change in magnetic flux. Loop abc is entering the magnetic field; so magnetic flux linked with loop tends to increase, so current induced in loop abc is anticlockwise to produce magnetic field upward to oppose the increase in flux. Loop defg is leaving the magnetic field; so flux linked with it tends to decrease, the induced current will be clockwise to produce magnetic field downward to oppose the decrease in magnetic flux.