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Let age of father and son be x and y respectively. 

x + y = 40 ...(i) 

x = 3y ...(ii) 

By solving eqns. (i) and (ii), we get 

x = 30 and y = 10 

Ages are 30 years and 10 years respectively.

Detailed Answer :

Let age of father and son be x and y years respectively. 

x + y = 40 ...(i) 

x = 3y ...(ii) 

Substitute the value of x from eqn. (ii) in, (i)

3y + y = 40 

⇒ 4y = 40

y = 10 yrs. 

From (i), x + 10 = 40

x = 30 yrs.

Age of father is 30 years and age of son is 10 years.

Smallest prime number = 2

Smallest cornposite number = 4

2 = 2 x 1.

4 = 2 x 2

HCF =  2

P divides AB internally in the ratio 4 : 4 or 1 : 1.

To sit in a comfortable position for everlasting period of time is called asana. 

Asanas as preventive measure 

Asanas can be preventive measures as they provide following physiological benefits which ultimately helps in avoiding various lifestyle disease. The following are the benefits of asanas for prevention of diseases: 

(a) Bones and joints become strong: By performing regular asana, the bones, cartilages, and ligaments become strong. Along with this, height of children is enhanced. 

(b) Circulation of blood becomes normal: By performing asana regularly, the stroke volume as well as cardiac output increases because cardiac muscles start working more strongly and efficiently. Blood circulation becomes proper and blood pressure normalizes and stabilizes. 

(c) Immune system is strengthened: By regular practice of asana, our immune system is strengthened. As a result, our body becomes less prone to diseases. 

(d) Respiratory organs become efficient: By performing asana regularly, the respiratory organs become efficient. The vital air capacity increases up to 6000cc. The size of lungs and chest also enhances.

(e) Efficiency of excretory system enhances: By regularly performing asana the efficiency of excretory system enhances. As a result, the waste products such as lactic acid, acid phosphate, urea, uric acid etc. are excreted quickly and properly which in turn help in delaying fatigue. 

(f) Muscles become strong: by performing asana regularly, muscles of the body become strong. The efficiency of the muscles increases. Fat does not accumulate in the body. In fact, the appearance the body enhances. The size of the muscles also increases. 

By following means people of weaker sections could attain the status of zamindars: 

1. By settlements on new lands. 

2. By transfering of the land ownership. 

3. By the royal orders. 

4. By purchasing the land.

(i) Paharias often attacked the plains where the settled agriculturists lived. 

(ii) Their attacks were the way of asserting power over the settled groups so they could move ahead smoothly. 

(iii) Zamindars, who lived in plains, paid tribute regularly to the chief of Paharias to keep safe and secure. 

(iv) Permission to traders to use or pass the area which is controlled by Paharias was granted after receiving an amount of money. Protection also provided by the chief of Paharias to the traders. They used to ensure that no one could plunder their goods

(1) (i) G.B. Pant felt separate electorates were suicidal. 

(ii) As it would permanently isolate and segregate the minorities, make them vulnerable and deprive them of an effective way within the government. 

(2) (i) Begam Aizaz Rasul felt that separate electorates were self-destructive. 

(ii) They isolated the minorities from the majority. 

(3) (i) Against: Seats should not be reserved because their merit would be sacrificed and the very essence of democracy would be diluted. 

(ii) Favour: 

(i) Muslims and other minorities have restrained backward and need safe guards to progress. 

(ii) So seats should be reserved for them to enable upward mobility.

(1) (a) The name of the text – Uttaradhyayana Sutta 

(b) Its language-Prakrit. 

(2) (a) Queen Kamalavati asked her husband to renounce the world, the kingdom, abandon what pleases the senses, without attachment and property and renounce all pleasures. 

(3) (a) Entire world is animated. Even stones, rocks, and water have life. 

(b) Non- injury to living beings, especially humans, animals, plants and insects. 

(c) Cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma.

(1) (a) The name of the text – Uttaradhyayana Sutta 

(b) Its language-Prakrit. 

(2) (a) Queen Kamalavati asked her husband to renounce the world, the kingdom, abandon what pleases the senses, without attachment and property and renounce all pleasures. 

(3) (a) Entire world is animated. Even stones, rocks, and water have life. 

(b) Non- injury to living beings, especially humans, animals, plants and insects. 

(c) Cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma.

1. There was immense bloodshed after 1947. The main reason was the collapse of government institutions. 

2. Ponderel Moon, British administrator noted how the police failed to take action against the communal frenzy in Amritsar in March 1947. 

3. The British officials did not know how to handle the situation in many places. They were not willing to take decisions and to intervene. 

4. Panic stricken people were asked by British officials to contact Indian leaders. 

5. Indian leaders were too involved in negotiations regarding independence and also too inexperienced. 

6. The civil servants in the affected provinces were involved in saving their own lives and property and the British busy preparing to quit India. 

7. Problems were compounded because of the communal bias of the soldiers and policemen. 

8. The communal violence mounted policemen in various places helped their coreligionists to attack members of other communities.

1. As per the talks on transfer of power the British agreed to create an entirely Indian executive council, other than the viceroy and the commander in chief of armed forces as a preliminary step toward complete independence. 

2. Discussion on transfer of power broke down due to Jinnah’s unrelenting extra ordinary demands. 

3. The Muslim league had an absolute right to choose all Muslim members of the executive council. 

4. There should be kind of communal veto in the councils. 

5. Decisions opposed by Muslims needed a two-third majority. 

6. The British intention of not annoying the unionists who consistantly supported the British and still controlled the Punjab government. 

7. Satisfaction of the league became a pre-requisite to any major settlement.

(i) This style created a familiar atmosphere for the British. As they saw such buildings in European style, they got well known landscape in India. 

(ii) India was alien country for them. So the British felt home like feelings in Bombay. 

(iii) The European style of constructing building was considered as superior by the British so they considered themselves as symbols of power and atrocity. 

(iv) The British convinced that the buildings would so distinguish them from the Indians and wanted to pose as the colonial masters.

(i) Dedication and devotion 

(ii) Humanity and service 

(iii) Nationalist 

(iv) Man of Non-violence and ideals.

Comparison of the weights of herbivores is largely speculative.

(a) creamy / sour/ dull

(b) Shakespeare's statue & the high rising dome

(c) Belled, flowery

(d) The world map depicts the world of the rich and the powerful which has been donated to the slum dwellers who live in a different world

more subtle, smart, organized and selfless

Accepting the transient nature of this world, and its eternal impermanence

Some gifts you‟ll like, some you won‟t, some you will get repeatedly, but nothing will last. It can‟t. Nothing is designed to last forever.

you appreciate life more, it brings you closer to you, the real you

courage, zest and zeal to work hard, to excel, to serve. 

Spinoza's idea of the Supreme, reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists, not in someone who concerns himself with the fates and actions of human beings.

(a) (iv) All of the above

(b)  (ii) our faith

(a) impenetrable

(b) sterile

1/|AB| = - 1/6 => 1/|A||B| = - 1/6 => |B| = -3

2sin(x²) cos(x²) or sin(2x²)

The order of the differential equation: 2

An element (e, f) ∈ Z × Z bethe identity element, if

(a, b) * (e, f) = (a, b) = (e, f) * (a, b) ∀ (a, b) ∈ Z × Z 

i.e., if, (af + be, bf) = (a, b) = (eb + fa, fb)

i.e., if, af + be = a = eb + fa and bf = b = fb …(1)

i.e., if, f = 1, e = 0 …(2) 

Hence, (0, 1) is the identity element.

The probability of getting prime number = 1/2

Explanation:

Total number of outcomes = 6 (As any number from 1 to 6 can appear on dice face)

Number of favourable outcomes = 3 (only 2, 3, 5 are prime number among them)

Probability = no. of favorable outcomes / total number of outcomes = 3/6 = 1/2

Let a be any positive integer

By division algorithm

a = 6q + r, where 0 ≤ r < 6

a = 6q, 6q + 1, 6q + 2, 6q + 3, 6q + 4, 6q + 5

But a is an even integer

a = 6q, 6q + 2, 6q + 4

Whole surface area of each part 

= 2πr²  + πr²  = 3πr² 

Total surface area of two parts

= 3πr²  + 3πr²  = 6πr²  

Placenta is a special umbilical cord develops in the fourth week which establishes an intimate connection between the foetal membrane and he uterine wall. 

Function of Placenta: 

• The exchange of materials between the mother’s blood and the blood of foetus takes place through placenta. 
• It serves as a nutritive, respiratory and excretory organ of the foetus.

1:1 ratio of speed of gamma rays to that of radio waves in vacuum.

All the things we use or consume are obtained from resources on the earth. The only thing we get from outside is energy which we receive from the Sun. Our resources are not unlimited. With the human population increasing at a tremendous rate due to improvement in health care, the demand for all resources is increasing at an exponential rate. The management of natural resources requires a long termperspective so that these will last for the generations to come and will not merely be exploited to the hilt for short term gains.

Another factor to be considered while we exploit these natural resources is the damage we cause to the environment while these resources are either extracted or used. For eg: mining. Hence sustainable natural resource management demands that we plan for the safe disposal of these wastes too.

Diamagnetic material.

i. In South India, Assam and other Himalayan states. 

ii. Chlorine 

iii. 15 to 22 months. 

iv. Fibreless variety. 

v. People suffering from indigestion. 

vi. Brosmeline. 

vii. Soothes the throat, especially vocal cords. 

viii. Dropsy. 

ix. Indigestion. 

x. Cultivated.

(a) (ii) of 

(b) (iv) can 

(c) (i) should 

(d) (i) that

(a) (ii) knows 

(b) (iii) every 

(c) (ii) in 

(d) (iv) his

(a) (i) got 

(b) (iii) had not taken 

(c) (i) was 

(d) (iii) feeling

Simian Virus 40

i. In a democracy people have the right to elect their rulers and participate in decision making that affects them all. Government thus, is accountable to the citizens and responsive to their needs and expectations. 

ii. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation, though it results in delays. It ensures that decision making is based on norms and procedures and allows transparency. Develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable. 

iii. Set up following practices and institutions: regular, free and fair elections; open public debate on major policies and legislations; and citizens’ right to information about the government and its functioning. 

iv. It may be reasonable to expect from democracy a government that is attentive to the needs and demands of the people and is largely free of corruption. Though the record of democracies is not impressive on these two counts. 

v. Democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean, but is people’s own government. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. 

Trade barriers are used by the governments – 

i. To increase, decrease or regulate foreign trade. 

ii. To decide what kinds of goods and how much of each, should come into the country. 

iii. To protect the producers within the country from foreign competition. 

Rights of consumers 

i. Right to information 

ii. Right to seek redressal

iii. Right to choose 

iv. Right to be heard 

v. Right to safety 

vi. Any other relevant point

Alluvial soil :

(i) The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat, also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.

(ii)  Alluvial soils are deposited by three important Himalayan river systems- the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

(iii)  According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar). The bangar soils has higher concentration of kanker nodules than the Khadar. It has more fine particles and is more fertile than the bangar.

To define their identity and independence. 

(i)  Charles Dickens wrote about the terrible effects of industrialisation on people’s lives and characters. His novel Hard Times (1854) describes Coketown, a fictitious industrial town, as a grim place full of machinery, smoking chimneys, rivers polluted purple and buildings that all looked the same. Here workers are known as ‘hands’, as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines.

(ii)  Dickens criticised not just the greed for profits, but also the ideas that reduced human beings into simple instruments of production. Dickens focused on the terrible conditions of urban life under industrial capitalism.

(iii)  His Oliver Twist (1838) is the tale of a poor orphan who lived in a world of petty criminals and beggars. Brought up in a cruel workhouse, Oliver was finally adopted by a wealthy man and lived happily ever after.

To bring the benefits of civilization to the backward people of Vietnam.

Charles Dickens wanted to make the society aware of the terrible effects of industrialisation on people’s lives and characters.

Fears in the minds of religious authorities and monarchs - 

i. They were apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to printed word would have on people’s minds. 

ii. It was feared that there was no control over what was printed. 

iii. Rebellious and irreligious thoughts and ideas could spread. 

Conservation of resources- afforestation, water treatment.