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Inducing mutation artificially using chemicals /radiations /and selecting plants with desirable characters

Mung Bean

Yellow mosaic virus 

Poverty in India is not the same in every state. The success rate of reducing poverty varies from state to state causing inter-state disparities in poverty level. Orissa, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh are the three poorest states in India with their people living below poverty line being 47, 42 and 37 percent respectively. Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh are the three better-off states in India as far as the poverty is concerned. 

There have been substantial reduction in global poverty, but there are regional disparities described below:

(i) Although there has been substantial reduction in global poverty, it is marked with great regional differences. Poverty declined substantially in China and Southeast Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and investments in human resource development. Number of the poor in China has come down from 606 million in 1981 to 212 million in 2001.

(ii) In the countries of South Asia-India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal Bangladesh, Bhutan the decline has not been as rapid.

(iii) In Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty in fact rose from 41 per cent in 1981 to 46 per cent in 2001.

(iv) In Latin America, the ratio of poverty remained the same. Poverty has also resurfaced in some of the former socialist countries like Russia.

Differences between minimum subsistence level of living and reasonable level of living are

Four features I would check in a fabric to ensure its good quality are as follows 

1. Weave Firmness This can be tested by scratching or stretching the fabric to check that the threads do not shift easily. If they do, the seams of the garment may slip or develop holes around the stitches. 

2. Uniformity of Weave Hold up the fabric against the light to show any uneven weaving, weak spots or imperfections. 

3. Evenness of Colour The dye colour or print colour should be uniform across the fabric with no misprints or black areas. 

4. No Wrinkles The fabric should not show any wrinkles after momentary crushing with the hand, otherwise the dress made out of it will get crumpled easily.

Two possible conditions under which FSSAI imposes fine on a shopkeeper selling mustard oil are as follows 

1. The mustard oil has been adulterated with argemone oil. 

2. The mustard oil has been adulterated with used mustard oil.

Two health hazards of consuming such oils are as follows 

1. Epidemic dropsy disease results, which starts with gastro-intestinal disturbance, irregular fever, rashes and a low pulse rate. 

2. It results in an enlarged liver and renal failure.

Two reasons for Mr Gupta’s anger may be as follows 

1. Fie may feel that he has been insulted or humiliated by the behaviour of another family member.

2. Fie may feel that he has been misunderstood by the family members. 

Two ways in which he can control this emotion are as follows 

1. Move away from the situation which caused the anger.

2. Take a few deep breaths

Four ideas which can help Mrs Jain extend her income and business are as follows 

1. She can open a creche. 

2. She can start a child counselling service. 

3. She can run a day care centre for school going children of working women. 

4. She can conduct social welfare programmes for children of the weaker sections of society.

Four consequences of substance abuse by adolescents can be 

• The adolescent may lose self-confidence and control over himself.
• The adolescent’s mental and physical stamina becomes less.
• His/Her reflexes become slow.
• Nausea and Insomnia are other problems which an adolescent may face.

According to Cephalocandal principle of development, development starts from head and progresses towards feet. For example, In womb, the head of the foetus develops first, then the body and afterwards legs develop.

Today’s adolescents get affected by media, as it helps them in framing opinions and perspectives of the country and the world. Media also helps the adolescents to participate in popular sports

Four factors to be kept in mind while selecting an investment scheme – 

(i) Liquidity 

(ii) Easy Accessibility and convenience 

(iii) Tax benefits 

(iv) Time period 

(v) Risk and security 

(vi) Capacit

I agree with the statement, “Identity crisis is experienced by all adolescents during adolescence.” 

Two examples of an identity crisis are

The adolescent struggles to establish her/ his values and goals in life due to lack of guidance from parents or teachers.

The adolescent has several commitments which prescribe conflicting behaviours in a situation so that some commitments will not be met by behaving in a particular manner.

Cognitive development in adolescents are: -:

a.  Abstract thinking

b.  Logical thinking

c.  Systematic thinking

d.  Ego centrism 

e.  Critical thinking

Impact on identity formation -:

a.  Extremely self conscious

b.  Extremely sensitive

c.  Get an inflated opinion of themselves

d.  Good in social matters

e.  Make their own rule

f.  Idealistic rebellion 

Four ways to meet the social needs of a 60 year old person are 

1. Taking her/ him to parks for walk. 

2. Involving her/ him in some hobbies in which she/ he shows interest. 

3. Taking her/ him to visit relatives or friends of similar age. 

4. Taking her/ him to social functions.

Cognitive changes during adolescence- 

(i) Idealism and criticism 

(ii) Argumentativeness 

(iii) Meta cognition, planning and decision making 

(iv) Self-consciousness and self

Advantages of peer group in adolescence life

(i) To develop social skills 

(ii) Provide emotional support 

(iii) Sharing problems and feelings 

(iv) Motivating selfesteem

Positive – 

i. awareness, 

ii. technology savvy, 

iii. any other  

Negative -

 i. Influenced by body figures of supermodels, 

ii. No leisure time activities, 

iii. Anti-social and risky behavior

Rise in average temperature of earth leads to global warming and vice versa. The factors which are responsible for rise in temperature of the earth's atmosphere are:

1. Greenhouse gases like CO₂ are responsible for heating the environment
2. Aerosols and soot
3. Solar activity 
4. Variations in Earth's orbit

The regions outside the seminiferous tubules called interstitial spaces contain interstitial cells or Leydig cells. These synthesise and secrete male sex hormone (androgens) testosterone.

(a) Cause: Algal blooms are caused by the increased nutrient availability in the water bodies. This high availability of phosphorus and nitrogen is in turn caused by the chemicals present in fertilizers that get dissolved in the soil and eventually get washed away to the water bodies. 

Affect: These algal blooms may shade out plants that would normally live lower in the water column resulting in a loss of biodiversity. Eutrophication can also result in the development of hypoxic conditions. This oxygen deficiency may cause the death of aquatic animals. They ultimately degrade the quality of water.

(b) Farmers in areas that are affected by algal blooms need to find alternative ways to fertilize the soil like using manures and techniques such as vermicomposting. Also, people must use cleaning agents and detergents that are biodegradable and that do that contain phosphates. To further reduce the amount of nutrients that are causing an overgrowth of algae in lakes and streams, laws need to be created that regulate the dumping of wastewater

The dual function of AUG codon: 

(a) It codes for amino acid methionine. 

(b) It is an initiation codon. 

The sequence of bases from which it is transcribed is TAC. Its anticodon is UAC.

Pioneer species—Phytoplanktons 

Climax species—Forest or trees. 

Biomass will be gradually increased and phytoplanktons are replaced by free-floating angiosperms then by rooted hydrophytes followed by different seral communities thus, biodiversity increases.

Domestic sewage and industrial effluents contain nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus which favour the excessive growth of planktonic (free-floating) algae called algal bloom. 

Its harmful effects cause: 

(i) sharp decline in dissolved oxygen content in the water. 

(ii) deterioration of water quality and causes mortality of aquatic life forms.

Specific symptoms of typhoid are: 

(i) Constant high fever (39° to 40°C) 

(ii) Weakness 

(iii) Stomach pain 

(iv) Loss of appetite 

Its causative agent is Salmonella typhi.

The high concentration of DDT (5 ppm) in cranes disturb their calcium metabolism which causes thinning of eggshell and their premature breaking, thereby causing decline in the bird populations.

GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee) make decisions regarding the validity of GM research. It also checks the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services for their large scale use.

mRNA contains a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) which do not code for any amino acid and are not identified by any tRNAs. As a result, the synthesis of polypeptide chain stops and the polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome. 

1.5  measures of price elasticity

(b) Price of the good.

At zero (0) level of production

Opportunity cost is the cost of having a little more of one good in tenns of the amount of the other good that has to be foregone.

Sales = Output Sold x Price Per Unit = 800 x 20 = Rs 16000 crore.

Now, Value of Output = Sales + Change in Stock = ? [16000 +(-500)] = Rs 15500 crore .

Now, GVAMP = Value of Output - Intermediate Cost = Rs (15500 -8000) = Rs 7500 crore.

Hence, NVAMP = GVAMP - Depreciation = Rs  (7500 - 1000) = Rs 6500 crore

DDT must have entered the trophic levels of food chain (biomagnification). It was accumulated in the birds as it can neither be metabolised nor be excreted. High concentration of DDT disturb calcium metabolism in birds which causes thinning of the eggshells and their premature breaking, ultimately causing decline in bird populations.

Money supply refers to the total stock of money of all types (currency as well as demand deposits) held by the people of a country at a given point of time. 

Money supply is measured in several ways which includes M₁, M₂, M₃ and M₄ measurement of money supply. Every measurement has it own definition with different components varying from most liquid to most rigid form. 

1. M₁ = C+ DD+ OD 

where, 

C: It refers to currency held by public in terms of coins and paper notes.

DD: It refers demand deposits of the people with the commercial bank.

OD: These includes other deposits with public financial institution, foreign central banks and international financial institution. 

2. M₂ =  M₁+ deposits with the post office saving bank account 

3. M₃ = M₁ + net time deposits with the commercial banks 

4. M₄ = M₃ + Total deposits with post offices other than in the form of national saving certificate.

Yes, it is true that all the sectors are interdependent for example :

(1) Iron ore is dug out of the earth through the process of mining which comes in primary sector.

(2) The ore is then transported to a nearby industry. Transportation comes under Tertiary sector.

(3) The industry processes the ore and manufactures Iron. Manufacturing comes under secondary sector .

Hence , the above example shows that industries are interdependent .

Communalism is a situation when beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions. When the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and when state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.

Various forms of communalism in politics:

(a) The most common expression of communalism is in every day beliefs.

(b) A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one's own religious community.

(c) Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeals and plan fear.

There are three sectors of economy feasibly found i.e. Primary sector, Secondary sector and Tertiary sector. All the three sectors are interdependent.

Some examples are given to elucidate this fact:

(i) Agricultural activities produce raw materials for agro based industries and food for employees in Secondary and Tertiary sector. It shows Industrial sector and Service sector's dependency on Primary sector.

(ii) Industrial activities produce instruments like tractor, fertiliser for agricultural inputs and increase production and productivity in agriculture. Here Primary sector depend on Secondary sector.

(iii) Transportation facilities are much required for transportation of agricultural products and industrial products to market centres and urban centers. Here Primary and Secondary sector depends on Tertiary sector.

(iv) Industrial sector produce trucks, auto, etc for transportation, computer assets for proper banking activities and knowledge outsourcing. So, it shows now Tertiary sector depends on Secondary sector. If farmer does not produce grain, all people will starve and employees in Secondary and Tertiary sectors will pay much for food items and their life will be scarce.

(v) Mercerization, storage and transportation inadequacy will put obstacle for farmers to link with their consumer and its earning will be reduced and life will be miserable.

So, it is reflected that all the sectors of economy are highly interdependent in India and also elsewhere in the world.

Limitations of per Capita Income are :

(i) Per capita income is an average and this average may not represent the standard of living of the people, if the increased national income goes to the few rich instead of giving to the many poor. Thus unless national income is evenly distributed, per capita income cannot serve as a satisfactory indicator of development.

(ii) A rise in per capita income is due to rise in prices and not due to increase in physical output, it is not a reliable index of economic development.

(iii) National income rises but its distribution makes the rich richer and the poor poorer.

(iv) It excludes all non-marketed goods and services, even though they may be important for human happiness and better quality of life.

(v) If the rate of population growth, is higher than the rate of growth of national income, this will lead to fall in per capita availability of goods and services and economic welfare.

(vi) Contribution of commodity to economic welfare may be higher than its money value e.g., money value of salt, needle, thread, etc. included in national income is lower than their contribution to economic welfare.

• to work for your dream

• move towards it all the time

• discard all those things that come in the way of finding it

• Don't expect too much too quickly

(i) P₁ = Rs 4
= Rs 5
M = Rs 20

Equation of the budget line = P₁ x x₁ + P₂ x x₂ = M

4x₁ + 5x₂ = 20
(ii) If Rs 20 is entirely spent on good 1, then the amount of good 2 demanded will be zero i.e., x₂ = 0, as the consumer has no income left to spend on good 2.

4x₁ + 5(0) = 20

4x₁ = 20

x₁ = 20/4

x₁ = 5

Amount of good 1 consumed = 5 units
(iii) If Rs 20 is entirely spent on good 2, then x₁ = 0, as the consumer has no income left to spend on good 1.

4(0) + 5x₂ = 20

5x₂ = 20

x₂ = 20/5

x₂ = 4

Amount of good 2 consumed = 4 units
(iv) Slope of the budget line = - P₁/P₂

=  - (Price of good 1)/(price of good 2) = - 4/5

= - 0.8

The budget line is downward sloping because a consumer can increase the consumption of good 1 only by decreasing the consumption of good 2. The consumer have limited income which is can spend to those goods between good 1 and good 2.

The slope of the budget line is - P1/P2 = Δx₂/Δx₁, which implies the rate of exchange or the rate at which good 2 can be substituted for good 1.

e_d = -0.2 [Note that e_d = -2. Hence we need not prefix e_d to (-2)] 

Percentage change in price = 5%

e_d = (percentage change in demand)/(percentage change in price)

0.2 =  (percentage change in demand)/5

1.0 =  percentage change in demand

= 1%

It means that the consumer prefers a particular bundle over the other bundle if the former consists of at least more of one good and no less of the other good. 

Example: If bundle A (3, 5) and bundle B (3, 2) are available to the consumer, then he/she will prefer bundle A over bundle B as bundle A consists of more units of good 2 than bundle B.

If a consumer has monotonic preferences, then her preferences will rank as follows: 

1^st(10,10) 2^nd(10,9) 3^rd(9,9)

No, he/she cannot be indifferent towards these two bundles as bundle 1 consists of more of both goods as compared to bundle 2. He/she will prefer bundle 1 over bundle 2 as it contains 10 units of good 1 and 8 units of good 2 as compared to 8 units and 6 units of good 1 and good 2 respectively in bundle 2.

It is given that my friend is indifferent towards the bundles (5, 6) and (6, 6). This implies that his/her preferences are not monotonic. If he/she is indifferent towards both the bundles, then it means that he/she derives the same level of satisfaction and assigns them the same rank. However, the second bundle consists of more of both the goods. Thus, according to the monotonicity assumption, he/she must prefer the second bundle over the first.

Measures to Combat Communalism in India: Communalism can be combated through the following methods: 

(i) Law should ban parties using religion in politics. 

(ii) Socio-economic backwardness of the country should be removed so that people are not used as vote banks. 

(iii) Political parties should rise above narrow gains and stop farming communal passions. 

(iv) Educational institutions should inculcate secular values among students. 

(v) The Election Commission should prepare a code of conduct for parties so that religion is not used in politics. 

(vi) Mass Media, T.V., radio, NGOs and people themselves should launch an enlightenment movement so that public opinion is created against communal riots.

Political parties need to face and overcome the challenge of dynastic succession to remain effective instruments of democracy because of the following reasons: 

(i) As the most political parties do not practise open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise at the top in a party. 

(ii) Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members. 

(iii) Thus, in many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family. This is unfair to other members of that party. (iv) This is very negative for democracy, since people who do not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy positions of power.

Formal sector loans can be made beneficial for poor farmers and workers in the following ways:
(i) It is required to create awareness among farmers about formal sector loans.
(ii) Process of providing loans should be made easier.
(iii) It should be simple, fast and timely.

To know the total production in any one of the three sectors, we need to count the goods and services which involve two problems: 

(i) There are too many goods and services produced so counting them is difficult. 

(ii) Sometimes Intermediate goods are also counted. It is called double counting. It will not give the actual figures of goods and services produced. 

(iii) These problems can be overcome by adding the values of final goods and services produced rather than the actual numbers. For example, if 10,000 kg of sugar is sold at ™ 8 per kg, then value of sugar will be ™ 80,000.