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Decline of the caste system in India : 

(i) Efforts of social reformers like Phule, Gandhiji, Ambedkar against caste system have helped to promote a casteless society. 

(ii) Economic development has reduced the emphasis on caste. 

(iii) Large scale urbanisation has diminished the awareness of caste, as people rub shoulders in buses, trains and offices. 

(iv) Growth of literacy and education has helped to decrease the belief in caste. 

(v) Occupational mobility is possible now and children are not compelled to continue the profession of the family or father. 

(vi) Weakening of the position of landlords in the villages has led to decline of the rigid caste barriers in villages. 

(vii) Constitutional provisions such as Right to Equality of all before law have helped to prevent discrimination legally. 

(viii) Policy of reservation of seats in local self- government bodies and legislatures as well in educational institutes have helped to uplift the political, social and economic position of lower castes.

Decline of the caste system in India :
(i) Efforts of social reformers like Phule, Gandhiji, Ambedkar against caste system have helped to promote a casteless society.
(ii) Economic development has reduced the emphasis on caste.
(iii) Large scale urbanisation has diminished the awareness of caste, as people rub shoulders in buses, trains and offices.
(iv) Growth of literacy and education has helped to decrease the belief in caste.
(v) Occupational mobility is possible now and children are not compelled to continue the profession of the family or father.
(vi) Weakening of the position of landlords in the villages has led to decline of the rigid caste barriers in villages.
(vii) Constitutional provisions such as Right to Equality of all before law have helped to prevent discrimination legally.
(viii) Policy of reservation of seats in local self- government bodies and legislatures as well in educational institutes have helped to uplift the political, social and economic position of lower castes.

The role of citizens in a democracy are as follows : 

(i) Citizens exercise their rights and freedoms and get benefited from democratic set-up. 

(ii) They must be aware of their rights and duties. 

(iii) They should be aware of the issues and problems the country is facing. 

(iv) They must cooperate in maintaining law and order. 

(v) People must consider other‘s needs and interest also

The progress of consumer movement in India: 

(i) In India, the consumer movement as a ‘social force’ originated with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices.

(ii) Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of food and edible oil gave birth to the consumer movement in an organised form in the 1960s.

(iii) Till the 1970s, consumer organisations were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions. They formed consumer groups to look into the malpractices in ration shops and overcrowding in the road passenger transport.

(iv) Because of all these efforts, the movement succeeded in bringing pressure on business firms as well as government to correct business conduct which may be unfair and against the interests of consumers at large.

(v) A major step taken in 1986 by the Indian government was the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act 1986, popularly known as COPRA.

The role of citizens in a democracy are as follows :
(i) Citizens exercise their rights and freedoms and get benefited from democratic set-up.
(ii) They must be aware of their rights and duties.
(iii) They should be aware of the issues and problems the country is facing.
(iv) They must cooperate in maintaining law and order.
(v) People must consider other‘s needs and interest also

(i) World Bank classifies countries according to the Per Capita Income.
(ii) Countries with PCI of more than US $ 12616 per annum and above are called rich countries.
(iii) Countries with PCI less than US $ 1035 are called poor countries.
(iv) Countries with income between US $ 1530 per annum are called low middle income countries.
The limitations of this report are :
(i) It considers only income and not other aspects such as literacy, health, life expectancy, etc.
(ii) World Development Report (WDR) only tells about income and not how it is distributed among the citizens.

The Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946. The idea of making the Constituent Assembly for framing the Constitution of India was devised by the Cabinet Mission Plan. 

The Constituent Assembly consisted of the elected representatives of varioius provinces who were eminent personalities in their own fields. Some of the members were Dr. B.R Ambedkar, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Sarojini Naidu and Nehru. The Constituent Assembly of India held several meetings, discussions, debates and passed varioius draft resolutions to frame the Constitution of the country. Our Constitution came into force on 26 Jan, 1950.

The role of regional parties in the early years of Indian independence, was nominal. But with time, the regional parties in State politics started to gain more importance.

Most regional political parties have grown over a period of time as instruments who play a crucial role in state politics. However, they believe that the problems of their regions are not attended to by the Central Government. Thus, many people come together to form a party which looks after the problems of the people in their region. These parties work on issues like the lack of educational facilities, good roads, water, electricity and communications in their respective regions. This has resulted in people favoring these parties during elections.

Also, because of coalition politics, the national political parties depend on regional parties when no all-India party is a position to secure absolute majority in the Lok Sabha. Moreover, various regional parties become coalition partners of national parties in forming State Governments. 

Thus, in our parliamentary coalition political system, the national parties cannot afford to ignore the regional political parties. 

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‘It is very difficult to reform politics through legal ways’ :
(i) Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones.
(ii) Legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. (Example of LBW in cricket may be given).
(iii) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes the result may be counterproductive.
(iv) Democratic reforms are to carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.
(v) Laws that give political actors incentives to do good things have more chances of working.
(vi) The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms.
(vii) Democratic reforms are to be brought through political practices. Therefore the main focus should be on the ways to strengthen democratic practices.

‘It is very difficult to reform politics through legal ways’ : 

(i) Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. 

(ii) Legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. (Example of LBW in cricket may be given). 

(iii) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes the result may be counterproductive. 

(iv) Democratic reforms are to carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens. 

(v) Laws that give political actors incentives to do good things have more chances of working.

Democratic form of government stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual : 

(i) Often conflict arises among individuals because some feel that they are not treated with equal respect in comparison to others. In democracy, respect and freedom are the basis of it. 

(ii) The status of women was not satisfactory in the different parts of the world, but democracy throughout the world has recognized equal treatment and respect to women, at least in principles. 

(iii) In India, 1/3rd of seats have been reserved for women in local bodies. 

(iv) Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and opportunity, which is not possible in any non-democratic country. 

(v) Democracy guaranteeing fundamental rights to all.

(i) The collection, production and dissemination of information. 

(ii) Personnel working in office building, elementary schools, university class rooms, etc.

Norway and Sweden.

According to La Blacourhe, Geography is the conception resulting from a more syncretic knowledge of the physical laws governing our earth and of the relations between the living beings which inhabit it.

Map of world (For Identification) - 

(A) Ruhr region 

(B) Eastern North America 

(C) Yokohama 

(D) London 

(E) Darwin 

(i) Commercial grain cultivation is practised in the interior parts of semi-arid lands of the mid latitudes. 

(ii) Com, barley, oats and rye are grown with the principal crop ‘wheat’. 

(iii) Entire operations of cultivation from ploughing to harvesting are mechanised as the size of the farms is very large. , 

(iv) There is low yield per acre but high yield per person. 

(v) Such agriculture is developed in European Steppes, the Canadian and American Prairies, the Pampas of Argentina, the Velds of South-Africa and Downs in Australia, and Canterbury plains of New Zealand.

Trans-Siberian Railways is the longest trans continental railways with 9332 km. 

• (i) It has helped in opening up its Asian region to West European markets. 

(ii) It runs across the Ural Mountains, Ob and Yenisei rivers. Chitta is an important agro centre and Irkutsk, a fur centre. 

(iii) Branch lines and inland waterways are developed by this railways. 

(iv) It transports machinery, wood finished products are sent to the western countries. 

(v) Coal, oil, wood, agro products from the forest are transported by this railways along with foodgrains.

When medical treatment is combined with international tourism activity, it lends itself to what is commonly known as medical tourism. 

• (i) India has emerged as the leading country of medical tourism in the world. 

(ii) World class hospitals are located in metropolitan cities that cater to patients all over the world. 

(iii) Medical treatment which is being provided in India, is more cheap and best than other destinations.

• Medical tourism brings abundant benefits to developing countries like India, Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia.

Density of population is the ratio between the number of people to the size of land OR Density of Population = Population/Area

Maharashtra has emerged as the leading sugar producer in India because:

(a) Tropical climate and long crushing season 

(b) Large scale sugar cane cultivation

Jenkins asked the narrator to write another ghost story based on the supernatural theme. He points out that John’s ghosts are more life-like and are “live propositions”. He should give the readers “the horrors” that’s what the public wants. Actually, Jenkins expected something more sensational and hair-raising stuff this time.

Jenkins wanted a ghost story from John Hallock for his magazine. John chased the inspiration but in vain. He was finding it difficult to dig up a story. He sat down before his desk and waited, but nothing happened. His mind began to ‘wander off on other unghostly and material things’. In despair he burst out, “This writing business is delightful, isn’t it?” These sarcastic words reveal his utter helplessness.

John Hallock was not in a position to contradict Jenkins. His magazine had been the only magazine to print his stories. Secondly, Jenkins had an uncanny knowledge as to when the landlord or the grocer was pestering him. John needed some extra money to pay for the bills. Hence, it was difficult to contradict Jenkins.

John had many responsibilities. He had not quite reached a point where he could give his whole time for writing. He was doing the job of a book-keeper in a lumber company. He had to pay for grocery bills and Lavinia’s fancy shopping.

Cyber Space is very important in today’s life. It enables us to communicate or access any information without physical movement of the sender and the receiver. It has brought the world closer to each other. One can now communicate with any person in any part of the world. It can be used in an office, sailing boat, flying plane and virtually everywhere.

Cyber space has expanded the contemporary economic and social space of humans through e-mail, e-commerce, e-learning and e-governance. It will be accessible to more and more people cutting across space and time under these circumstances. These modern communication systems have made the concept of ‘Global Village’ a reality.

 Land Degradation is generally understood either as a temporary for a permanent decline in productive capacity of the land.

The causes or factor responsible for land degradation in India are given below: 

1. Soil erosion.

2. Water logging

3. Salinisation

4. Alkalinisation of land

Land is constantly used without managing its fertility, it is degraded and its productivity decline. Deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying too are responsible for land degradation in India. Land Degradation caused by human processes are more harmful than natural processes in India. Man-made degraded wasteland such as degraded shifting cultivation area, degraded land under plantation crops, degraded forest, mining and industrial waste land are 5.8 % of the total geographical area. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to mining have caused severe Land Degradation. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for the land degradation

The statement is False.

Reasons :

1. A business unit is set up with the main aim of earning profits, However, a business unit is dependent on the society for its survival.

2. It uses natural resources or inputs from the society like raw materials, air, water, land etc. for producing goods and services. 

3. It is also dependent on the various constituents of the society like consumers, investors, employees etc for running its business effectively.

4. Business unit is therefore a part of the society. It operates within the society and is dependent on the society for its survival. Thus, has responsibilities towards the various sections of the society

his statement is True.

Reasons :

1. According to 'Scientific Selection, Training and Development of workers' principle stated by F.W. Taylor, the selection process of employees should be systematic and scientific.

2. The physical, mental and technical or other qualities required for the job should be clearly defined to make selection easier.

3. The employers should be selected on the basis of tests and interviews. They should be trained from time to time to review in the job.

4. The manager should provide opportunities for development of workers having better capabilities so that they work with maximum efficiency

The Representation of the People Act 1950, was enacted that contains the code of conduct of the elections (qualifications, disqualifications for the membership, the corrupt practices, other election offences).

The Model Code of Conduct was agreed, where EC ensure free and fair election. (There are a certain set of guidelines for the political parties and leaders, which they need to abide by or else it leads to disqualification of their candidature).

(i) bribe or threaten voters.

(ii) Use any place of Worship or appeal to the voters in the name of religion or caste.

(iii) use government resources, government vehicles, air crafts for elections.

(iv) spend more than Rs. 25 lakh in a constituency for a Lok Sabha election and Rs. 10 lakh in a constituency for ah Assembly election.

(v) once elections are announced, no minister can lay foundation stones of any project or take any policy decision.

French citizens living in Vietnam were known as Colons.

The Constantinople Treaty. It is also known as the Treaty of Constantinople.

Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based on the lives of Trung Sisters.

Treaty of 1832 called Constantinople Treaty recognized Greece as an independent state.

The term agglomeration is an economic term used to refer to the phenomenon of firms being located close to one another. There are a number of components we'll explore later in this lesson, but for now just remember that agglomeration relates to clusters of population or business activity.

Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies. Gradually a large industrial agglomeration takes place. So, it is basically coordination of various industries in a city for the development of manufacturing industries.

EL Nino means christian name called baby christ.

Features of EL Nino

(i) The presence of the EL-Nino leads to an increase in sea-surface temperatures.

(ii) It weakens the trade winds in the regions and causes heavy rainfall, floods or droughts in different regions of the world.

We participate in the market as producers and consumers in the following ways : 

(i) As producers of goods and services, we could be working in any of the sectors, such as in agriculture, industry, or services. 

(ii) Consumers participate in the market when they purchase goods and services that they need. 

(iii) These are the final goods that people use as consumers.

(i) Human development means that education and health are an important part to achieve well-being of the human resource. 

(ii) Human development indicates that the human mind becomes efficient to perform task of highly skilled nature when proper education is provided to them and a healthy life style is available. 

(iii) For example, Every human being has a basic right to get a good education and better health facilities. Those countries which provide the basic necessities of life progress faster than those countries which do not have these facilities.

Reasons far putting trade barriers to foreign trade and investment by the Indian government after Independence are:

(i) To protect local producers and goods from foreign competition.

(ii)  Industries needed protection so that they could grow and develop in order to be ready to compete with developed countries later on.

(iii) It imposed restrictions on the import of certain goods . 

Reasons to remove barriers were : 

(i) To face competition and improve quality of products. 

(ii) To attract foreign investments 

(iii) To place orders for production.

Indentured labor was described as a new system of slavery because :

(i) Agents tempted the poor people by giving false information about the nature of work, living and working conditions, final destinations modes of
travel, etc.

(ii) Less willing workers were at time forcibly abducted by the agents,

(iii) On the plantation, the working conditions were harsh and they had a few legal rights.

(iv) They were beaten or imprisoned for not being able to meet tasks that used to be very heavy or for running away from the job.

(v) Normal medical attention was given to them and, wages were deducted in case of absence at work or failure to fulfill the task.

Consumer awareness among consumers to avoid exploitation –

(i) The formation of various organizations such as Consumers Forum or Consumers Protection Council.

(ii) To guide consumers on how to file cases in the Consumers Courts.

(iii) Consumer’s education to be promoted through advertisement/mass campaign/publicity/against malpractices of traders.

(iv) By writing articles/ holding exhibition/rallies.

(v) Strict laws to be enforced in market places.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Liberalism 

i. Derived from’ liber’ means free 

ii. Stood for freedom for all and equality for all before the law 

iii. Politically –Govt. by consent 

iv. Universal suffrage, right to vote for all

v. French revolution stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative govt. through parliament. 

vi. Struggles for equal political rights. 

vii. Economically, inviolability of private property 

viii. Freedom of markets and abolition of state restrictions. 

ix. Any other relevant point.

(a) For the new middle classes,liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. 

(b) Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. 

(c) It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.

Suggestions to reform Political parties are:
(i) A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members to follow its own constitution, to act as judge in case of party disputes and to hold open elections to the highest post.
(ii) It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third of the women candidate.

(i) The service sector in India employs highly skilled and educated people in multinational companies, public sector, and several private enterprises. This sector enhances the economy of the country. They are an asset as they add up high income in the National Income of the country.
(ii) Low skilled and less educated people are also employed in the service sector but most of them are uneducated. Therefore, they are working in unorganized sectors. They are employed as plumbers, repair persons, etc. They work for daily wages. They are doing this work because they do not have better opportunities.

Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. These are:

(i) Highly skilled and educated workers but in less number e.g., advocates, teachers, technicians etc.

(ii) Unskilled workers but in large number e.g., small shopkeepers, repair persons, transport persons, peddlers, hawkers, footpath vendors etc.

Information technology has fastened the pace of globalization. It has revolutionized the way interaction is done. Owing to its development, people can get connected to anyone, in every corner of the world, instantly. Except physical movement of products, every other transaction is possible through internet. Without it, Globalisation would have taken many more years to spread out, as the required information for taking any decision, would have taken more time to be communicated and thus would have delayed the pace of integration among countries.

(i) French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858.

(ii) By the mid-1880s, they had established a firm grip over the northern region.

(iii) After the Franco-Chinese war, the French assumed control of Tonkin and Anaam, in 1887, French Indo-China was formed.

(i) The Dalit leaders sought a political solution to the problem faced by the depressed classes.
(ii) They organized themselves and demanded reservation of seats in educational institutions so that they could be a part of the decision-making process.
(iii) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar believed that it was only through political empowerment that the situations of the depressed classes could be made better.
(iv) He tried to improve the condition of depressed classes. For that, he organized the Dalits an organization called ‘Depressed Classes Association’ in 1930.
(v) He demanded separate electorate for Dalits at the Second Round Table Conference in Great Britain.
(vi) Later on, Poona pact was signed by Mahatma Gandhi in which they secured seats for Dalits in the provincial and central legislative councils to be voted in general elections.

The rise of London as an industrial and modern city:
(i) Industrialization changed the form of urbanization in the modern period.
(ii) The earlier industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted large no. of migrants to the textile mills set up in the late 18th century.
(iii) London was a colossal city and its population expanded four-fold from 1 million to 4 millions as the Industrial Revolution attracted more and more people.
(iv) The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant populations, even though it did not have large factories.