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(i) Development refers to the process as a result of which along with increase in real per-capita income, there is improvement in the economic welfare and well-being of people. 

The UNDP has taken : 

(a) Education, 

(b) Health and 

(c) Per-capita income as the indicators. 

(ii) Compared to the World Bank Report : 

(a) It is a broader concept of development. 

(b) Countries have been ranked and goals other than level of income are being taken into account.

The large companies manipulate the market in various ways : 

(i) At times, the large companies buy the smaller companies who make the similar products in order to have no or less competition. 

(ii) When there is a competition, they make the products available at lower cost in order to attract more consumers. 

(iii) At times, the large companies make false claims about the durability and quality of their products through advertisements. 

(iv) For example, a company for years sold powder milk for babies all over the world as the most scientific product claiming this to be better than mother's milk. It took years of struggle before the company was forced to accept that it had been making false claims.

(iv) Similarly, a long battle had to be fought with court cases to make cigarette manufacturing companies accept that their product could cause cancer.

The UNDP relies on the HDI or Human Development Index to study the development of a country.

The following are the basic components of Human Development Index:

• Life expectancy at birth
• Mean years of schooling
• Expected years of schooling
• Gross national income (GNI) per capita.

Per capita income is also calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared easily. HDI has been calculated for about 177 countries. According to it, the rank of India is 134 and the rank of Sri Lanka is 97, which is much better than that of India. We are required to make progress in the education and health sectors as yet.

(i) The post-war economic recovery proved difficult as the heavy expenditure on the World War I weakened the British economy.

(ii) While Britain was preoccupied with war, industries had development in Japan and India. So now Britain had to face competition from these countries, especially from Japan.

(iii) To finance war expenditures. Britain had borrowed liberally from the United States (US). This meant that at the end of the war. Britain was burdened with huge external debts.

(iv) The war had led to an economic boom, i.e., to a large increase in demand, production, prices and employment. When the war boom ended production contracted, employment and unemployment increased.

(v) The economic hardship of the war period forced the people of British colonies against them. For example. Non-Cooperation movement was launched in India.

• RNA interference 

• silencing of a specific mRNA due to a complementary RNA 

• dsRNA/Introduction of DNA was such that it produced both sense/ and anti-sense RNA in the host cells/these two RNAs formed dsRNA that initiated RNAi 

criteria for determining biodiversity hot spots are: –

• high levels of species richness

• High degree of endemism.

hotspots In India - Western Ghats, Himalaya (Indo-Burma/Sunderland to be accepted

Meaning : Presentation of the data in rows and column along with some explanatory notes components or parts of the table. 

(a) Table number 

(b) Title of the table 

(c) Head note 

(d) Captions and stubs 

(e) Body 

(f) Unit of measurement 

(g) Foot note 

(h) Source note.

Meaning of Outsourcing :

Services of outsourcing (with brief explanation)

Detailed Answer : 

Outsourcing refers to the process of getting work done on contract basis from someone outside the organisational structure. The commonly outsourced services include legal services, IT cell, tele-calling, etc. Outsourcing can be of a business process (referred to as Business Process Outsourcing or BPO) or of aknowledge process (referred to as Knowledge Process Outsourcing or KPO).

(a) Lack of grading and standardisation. 

(b) Lack of transport facilities.

(c) Exploitation from middlemen. 

(d) Lack of warehouses.

(e) Lack of market information. 

(f) Unfair practices. (with brief explanation)

Indicators of HDI :

(a) Life expectancy at birth.

(b) Adult literacy rate.

(c) Infant mortality rate.

(d) Maternal mortality rate.

(e) Population using improved sanitation.

(f) Population with sustainable access to improved water sources.

• Lack of warehouses / godowns. 
• Exploitation by middlemen.
• Lack of market information. 
• Lack of transport and communication
• Lack of credit facility

Health status of women in India :

(a) Decline in the child sex ratio.

(b) Early marriage and children born.

(c) Abortions.

(d) Suffer from anemia and nutritional deficiency - cause for maternal deaths.

Facilities :

(a) Maternity facilities in hospitals.

(b) Rural health facilities. (Brief explanation)

Solar energy can be converted into electricity with the help of Photovoltaic cell  (Photovoltaic cell/Lithium cells). 

• Illiteracy. 
• Ill health.
• Malnutrition. 
• Lack of participation.
• Gender discrimination (Sex Ratio). 
• Child Marriage.

(b)   iv, ii, i, iii 

• Indian medicine system — AYUSH. 
• No side effects.
• Clean and healthy food. 
• Long lifespan.
•  Increase in human fertility.

Investment in education system in India has been a woeful failure. The fact of the matter is that, in 1952 we were spending a meager 0.6% of our GDP on education that rose to only 4% in 2014. This has fallen well short of 6% target as proposed by the Education Commission, 1964. Moreover, throughout this period the increase in education expenditure has not been uniform and there has been irregular rise and fall. 

This shows the apathy of the government towards investment in the education system. One can imagine, if the recommended 6% p.a. of the GDP would have been spent properly the present education system would have reached unforeseen heights. 

(a) One of the Directors has raised questions as to how people can be made leaders? How they can find out whether a person is a leader or not? Lack of leadership at the level of regional and district managers under two directors in charge of sales in two areas, was creating problems for promising Life Insurance Company. Leadership is defined as a position of power held by an individual in a group, which provides him with an opportunity to exercise interpersonal influence on the group members for mobilizing and directing their efforts towards certain goals.

In business enterprises, managers at various levels assume the role of leadership in relation to their subordinates for getting the right things done in a proper manner to achieve a certain set of goals. The effectiveness of managers as leaders is critical to organizational survival and success.

According to one school of thought, leadership is an inborn quality possessed by individuals. However, people can be made leaders by formal training, providing exposure to new and diverse situations, providing autonomy and accountability, interaction, challenging goals, job rotation and so on. It is not a simple task to identify whether a person is leader or not. We have to see his knowledge, experience, number of followers and their loyalty, his ability to solve complex and diverse problems and so on. Effectiveness of a leader is measured by the degree of influence a person has over his followers. 

There inter-related determinates of leadership effectiveness are stated as follows:

(i) Effective leadership requires certain basic qualities among persons who assume the role of leaders. These are necessary but not sufficient. 

(ii) There is no ideal or leadership style or basic behavior generally applicable for all situations. Leadership effectiveness can be secured or enhanced by tailoring the style to the demands of each situation. 

(iii) The important situational factors which exert considerable influence or leadership effectiveness are: task complexities, the skills and attitudes of the group of followers, their relations with the leader and position, power of the leader himself. 

(iv) (b) It is necessary and possible for managers to develop and improve their leadership abilities. It is necessary because managers thing done through their subordinates. They will be able to get things done effectively if they have leadership ability. It is possible because there are several means and techniques of acquiring leadership abilities. 

(i) Leadership training. Training programmes are offered to expose managers to several leadership situations and teach them how to tackle them. The situations are partly simulated and partly real. 

(ii) Internal organizational exposure. Another measure to develop the leadership ability of managers is to expose them within the organization itself to critical situations calling for application of leadership abilities. 

(iii) Autonomy and accountability. Managers may be able to sharpen their leadership abilities under conditions of relative freedom. They should be allowed a large amount of  freedom to evolve their own methods of tackling situations calling for critical leadership abilities. 

(iv) Opportunities for interaction. Managers should also have opportunities to interact with their subordinates in a more intense and continuous manner. This is partly a matter of availability to time. Many managers get themselves so extremely busy with their own work that they find little time to talk or listen to their subordinates, to guide them, to understand their view points, to be supportive to them and develop them. 

(v) Setting challenging but realistic goals. Managers have to be put on their toes most of the time in their career setting challenging goals to be met within particular time frames. A highly demanding job environment for managers is likely to force them to develop the needed leadership abilities. 

(vi) Job rotation. Managers may also be helped to develop leadership skills by a process of systematic rotation of their jobs. They should be exposed to a variety of superior-subordinate relations and job environments so that they develop the ability of coping with situations, which do not permit them to adopt stereotyped styles or approaches.

The monetary policy generally targets to ensure price stability in the economy

 Compensation of Employees 

= (iii) – (v) – (iv) – (vi+ii+i+vii) 

 = 200 – 50 -10 – (25+45+20+5)

= Rs. 45 crores

(d) Both (a) and (b)

(a) National income=consumption 

(b) Positively sloped curve

Aggregate supply and National income are always equal.

Excess demand refers to the situation when aggregate supply falls short of aggregate demand corresponding to full employment level of ouput in economy.

(b) Decrease

Underemployment equilibrium refers to a situation when equilibrium is attained i.e., aggregate demand is equal to aggregate supply below full employment level or when resources are not fully employed.

Consumption function is the functional relationship between Consumption and  aggregate demand.

(c) APC rises with increase in income

Ex-post saving refers to actual saving in a economy during a year.

(i) Fixed Exchange Rate – Fixed exchange rate means the exchange rate which is officially declared and fixed uver a specified period. It is changed from time to time according to need. It requires regular control and monitoring by the government. It is stable and certain and not subject to wide fluctuations. It checks speculation in foreign exchange market. 

(ii) Flexible Exchange Rate – Flexible exchange rate means the exchange rate which is floating because it is determined by demand and supply in the foreign exchange market. It does not require any intervention by the government. It is uncertain and subject to wide fluctuations. It encourages speculation. 

(iii) Managed Floating Exchange Rate – Managed floating foreign exchange rate means flexible foreign exchange rate system in which gradual adjustments in rate of exchange take place through the intervention of the government. This is done to control the exchange rate i.e., to make exchange rate stable. Thus, managed floating system is a mixture of flexible and fixed exchange rates. However, managed floating requires strict rules and guidelines otherwise it may be abused to detriment of other countries.

(a) AD=consumption+saving

(d) All of these 

(d) All of these

(c) Point above the origin

(a) Autonomous consumption

If saving function of an economy is given as:S=-40=0.4(Y) then MPC is. 0.6

(c) Saving=investment

If MPC is 0.6 the investment multiplier will be 2.5.

(d) Both (b) and (c)

The maximum value of multiplier is Infinity when the value of MPC is  one.

(d) Equal to MPC

(d) Consumption+investment

Suggest an underlining to achieve a luxurious finish is Lining.

Apartheid can be defined as the official policy of racial separation and ill-treatment of blacks followed by the government of South Africa between 1948 and 1989.

Following are the differences between the organised and unorganised sector:

The merits of air transport:

(i) Air travel provides the fastest, most comfortable mode of transport.

(ii) It can cover very difficult terrains like mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and long oceanic stretches with great ease.

(iii) It provides services to inaccessible areas and hilly terrains like the north-eastern states and the interior parts of J&k, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

(iv) Air transport plays a vital role during natural and man-made calamities like floods, droughts, earthquakes and other disasters.

The demerits of air transport:

(i) It is not within the reach of common people.

(ii) It is limited to larger cities.

Three jurisdiction powers of the Supreme Court in India are

(i) Advisory jurisdiction: The Supreme Court can advice the President on any question of law or any matter of public importance.

(ii) Appellate jurisdiction: The power of Supreme Court to hear and decide appeals against the judgement of lower courts.

(iii) Original jurisdiction: The original jurisdiction
extends to all cases between the Government of India and the states of India or between Government of; India and states on side and one or more states on another side.

The answer is  (C) Lenin