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The answer is (C) The National Socialist German Workers Party

The answer is (D) 37 per scent 

Biodiversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function, but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of inter dependencies. Biodiversity is important for human lives because the human being, along with the biodiversity, form a complete ecological system in which we are apart and are dependent on this system for out own existence.

(a) First of all, the outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes very difficult to accommodate. 

(b) Second, it depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community. 

(c) Third, it depends on how the government reacts to demands of different groups. If the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country.

Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most parts of the world. A social difference means the difference in a group of people due to their race, religion, language or culture.

Overlapping Differences:

(i) Under this, one social difference overlaps with another. 

(ii) Under this, people start feeling that they belong to different communities.

(iii) Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions.

In our country, Dalits tend to be poor and landless. They often face discrimination and injustice. Situations of this kind produce social division.

Cross Cutting Differences :

(i) Under this, a social difference cross cuts another difference. 

(ii) Under this, the group can share a common interest on one issue but are likely to be on different sides on different issues. 

(iii) These are easier to accommodate.

For example, people in the Netherlands are predominantly Christian, but divided between Catholics and Protestants. Here class and religion cross-cut each other. Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich and they do not have conflict between them.

If social differences overlap each other it may lead to social division and if one social difference is given preference then people would begin to think that they belong to different community. It always leads to social division and disintegration of the country. 

Example: USA: The blacks are discriminated by the whites due to their poverty.

In our country, Dalits tend to be poor and landless as they often free injustice and discrimination.

Human Development Index is published by the UNDP. 

(i) It indicates the level of development of a country. 

(ii) It indicates to a country how far it has travelled and how far it has yet to travel to achieve high ranks in matters such as per capita income of the people. 

(iii) One comes to know the important welfare elements such as life expectancy, literacy, educational level of people and health status. 

✔ ✔ GnRH (Gonadotropine - releasing hormone ) 

✔ ✔ FSH ( Follicle Stimulating hormone ) 

✔ ✔ Progesterone  

✔ ✔ Estogen

Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all and also ensures that the benefits of globalisation are shared by all. 

(i) Government can play a major role in making this possible. Its policies must protect the interest of rich and poor both. 

(ii) Labour laws are properly implemented and the workers get their rights. 

(iii) It can support small producers by putting some restrictions or barriers. 

(iv) It can negotiate at the WTO for fairer rules. 

Importance of Sustainable Development –

(i) Sustainable development aims at fulfilling the needs of today without compromising the needs of the future generation.

(ii) Sustainability is the capability to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance.

(iii) It lays emphasis on environmental protection and check environmental degradation.

(iv) To stop over exploitation and over use of resources.

Any three points to be explained with relevant examples like petroleum, coal, ground water, etc.

Detailed Answer on Importance of Sustainable Development : 

Sustainable development means that a development should meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs – 

(i) It is felt that the economic growth and industrialization have led to reckless exploitation of natural resources. Sustainability promotes a rational use of natural resources. 

(ii) Groundwater is an example of renewable resource. But if we use more than what is replenished by nature, then we would be overusing this resource. 

(iii) Once the non-renewable resources would be exhausted we won’t be able to use them in future. So, using the resources judiciously will help in maintaining the sustainability of development of our ecosystem.

The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in tandem with the future. If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point of time. Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country may have achieved. This is because, in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress.

Meeting the basic needs of all that requires the distribution of resources is our moral responsibility. It becomes a moral obligation to hand over the earth to the future generation in good order. But, it is realised that if the resources (non-renewable) are utilized fully then these will deplete so fast that it will not meet the production capacity of the future generation. The economic development achieved today in such a manner cannot be sustained for a long time as the production capacity of the future generations in the absence of productive resources reduces. Therefore, sustainable development is the process of economic development that aims at meeting the needs of the present generation without comprising the needs of future generations. Sustainable development maximizes the welfare of both present and future generations. In other words, it is the process of economic growth that is sustained over a long period of time without causing any fall in the quality of life of future generations.

Secularism is not an ideology of political parties but is the foundation of our country because : 

(i) There is no official religion for the Indian state, unlike the status of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, Islam in Pakistan. The Constitution of India prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion. 

(ii) The separation of religion and state is the foundation of secularism. It ensures religious groups don’t interfere in affairs of state, and the state doesn’t interfere in religious affairs. 

(iii) Secularism seeks to ensure and protect freedom of religious belief and practice for all citizens. 

(iv) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities the freedom to practice, profess and propagate any religion.

Characteristics of Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Iron-Ore belt in India : 

(i) The region lies in Chattisgarh and Maharashtra. 

(ii) Very high grade haematite ores are found in the famous Bailadila ranges of hills in the Bastar district. 

(iii) The range of hills comprises of 14 deposits of super high grade haematite iron ore. 

(iv) It has the best physical properties needed for steel making. 

(v) Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam Port.

Factors that determine the outcome of politics of social divisions :
(i) As social groups view their identities to be exclusive and superior, it becomes difficult to accommodate them.
(ii) It depends upon the type of demands raised by the political leaders on behalf of a community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.
(iii) Reaction of the government to the demands of different communities determine the outcome. If the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country

Money and muscle power play an important role in elections because : 

(i) Role of money and muscle power in parties especially during elections is growing. 

(ii) Parties tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money. 

(iii) Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party. 

(iv) In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections. 

(v) Democrats all over the world are worried over the increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics.

Efficient network of transport is pre-requisite for local and national development –

(i) The movement of the goods and services from their supply locations to demand locations necessitates the need for transportation.

(ii) Development of country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as movement to their destinations.

(iii) Transport helps in both production and distribution of goods.

(iv) Supports all sectors of the economy.

(v) Any other relevant point

Any three points to be analyzed.

Detailed Answer :

Dense and efficient network of transport is a pre-requisite for local and national development –

(i) Network of transport is essential for the transportation men and material from one place to another.

(ii) They are helpful in supplying the consumer goods to the markets and consumers rapidly.

(iii) They provide immediate relief in times of disaster, war, famines and floods.

Thus, the pace of development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement over space and time.

Factors that determine the outcome of politics of social divisions : 

(i) As social groups view their identities to be exclusive and superior, it becomes difficult to accommodate them. 

(ii) It depends upon the type of demands raised by the political leaders on behalf of a community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community. 

 (iii) Reaction of the government to the demands of different communities determine the outcome. If the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country.

Amendment in Indian Constitution in 1992 –

(i) It is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.

(ii) Seats reserved for the Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.

(iii) At least one third of all positions are reserved for women.

(iv) Creation of State Election Commission.

(v) The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be described.

(i) The basic idea behind decentralisation is that there are a large no. of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level.

(ii) People have better knowledge of the problems in their own localities.

(iii) Regular elections are held for the local government bodies at the level of village, block, district, towns and cities.

(iv) Seats are reserved for Scheduled castes, scheduled tribes   and other backward classes to ensure their participation. One third of the seats are reserved for women.  

(v) These local bodies generate their own revenue. Besides, the state governments are required to share some powers and revenues with local government bodies.

The total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group is referred as Net Attendance Ratio . 

B. Terms of credit

Compliance refers simply to behaving in response to a request from another person or group even in the absence of a norm. whereas when compliance is shown to an instruction or order from a person in authority, such as parents, teachers, leaders, or policemen, that behaviour is called obedience. 

Some of the reasons regarding obedience are : 

a. People obey because they feel that they are not responsible for their own actions, they are simply carrying out orders from the authority. 

b. Authority generally possesses symbols of status (e.g., uniform, title) which people find difficult to resist. 

c. Authority gradually increases commands from lesser to greater levels and initial obedience binds the followers for commitment. 

d. Many times, events are moving at such a fast speed, for example in a riot situation, that one has no time to think, just obey orders from above.

• Because they feel they are not responsible for their own actions
• Authority possesses symbols of status which people find difficult to resist 
• Authority increases commands from lesser to greater levels and initial obedience binds the followers for commitment. 
• Events are moving at such a fast speed that one has no time to think

Rahul keeps organizing his room the Obsessive compulsive disorder.

The client has resentment, hostility and anger towards the therapist. This is called negative transference.

Pro social behavior means doing something for or thinking about the welfare of others without any self-interest. 

• Norm of social responsibility 

• Norm of reciprocity 

• Norm of equity

• Positive health: a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being. a healthy body; high quality of personal relationships; a sense of purpose in life; self-regard, mastery of life’s tasks; and resilience to stress, trauma, and change 

• Stress buffers that facilitate positive health are: diet, exercise, positive attitude, positive thinking, social support

People join groups because these groups satisfy a range of needs. 

The main reasons for the people to join groups are as follows:- 

(a) Security: 

(b) Status: 

(c) Self-esteem: 

(d) Satisfaction of one’s psychological and social needs: 

(e) Goal achievement: 

(f) Provide knowledge and information: 

While globalisation has benefited well-off consumers and also producers with skill, education and wealth, many small producers and workers have suffered as a result of the rising competition. Removal of trade barriers and liberalization policies of the governments to facilitate globalization have hit the local producers and manufacturers hard. Globalisation and the pressure of competition have substantially changed the lives of workers. Faced with growing competition, most employers these days prefer to employ workers ‘flexibly’. This means that workers’ jobs are no longer secure. 

Illustration: Any one case - either from the text book or beyond it e.g., MNCs and Workers, MNCs and Local Manufacturers/industries, withdrawal of subsidies, etc.

Modern technology has traped the whole world in its fist. With the advancement of communication and information technology the world has contracted. We can get the news of a far off land just with a blink of our eyes. England or America or even Moon or Mars are not now far from us. Newspapers, radio and television have brought a revolution in communication. The satellites have made them even faster. Wireless telephonic communications through cellular phones have become more popular today. The use of internet has made everything available in our plates. So, it is not exaggerating to say that today’s world is shrinking.

Standard deviation is the best measures of dispersion, because it posseses most of the characterstics of an ideal measure of dispersion.

1. Most of the statistical theory is based on Standard Deviation. It helps to make comparison between variability of two or more sets of data. Also, Standard Deviation helps in testing the significance of random samples and in regression and correlation analysis.

2. It is based on the values of all the observations. In other words, Standard Deviation makes use of every item in a particular distribution.

3. Standard Deviation has a precise value and is a well-defined and definite measure of dispersion. That is, it is rigidly defined.

4. It is independent of the origin.

5. It is capable of further algebraic treatment.

The following reactions of glucose cannot be explained by its open chain structure.
(i) Despite having the aldehyde group glucose does not give 2, 4-DNP test, Schiffs test and it does not form the hydrogen sulphite addition product with NaHSO₃ .
(ii) The pentacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine indicating the absence of free —CHO group.
(iii) When D-glucose is treated with methanol in the presence of dry hydrogen chloride gas, it gives two isomeric mono methyl derivatives known as α-D glucoside and methyl β-D glucoside. These glucosides do not react with hydrogen cyanide or with hydroxylamine.

(i) Common ion effect: It can be defined as a shift in equilibrium on adding a substance that provides more of an ionic species already present in the dissociation equilibrium. It can also be defined as the phenomenon in which the degree of dissociation of an electrolyte is suppressed by the addition of another electrolyte containing a common ion. 

(ii) Solubility Product: It is defined as the mathematical product of its dissolved ion concentrations raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients. It is denoted by the symbol Ksp. 

(iii) Buffer Solution: The solution that resists change in its pH on dilution or an addition of small amount of acid or alkali is known as buffer solution.

Coordination Number = 6 , Oxidation State = +2 

Detailed Answer :

Coordination number = Denticity × Number of ligand

= 2×2 + 2×1 = 6

Charge on complex = 0

Therefore, [x+(0×2) + (-1×2)] = 0

x = +2

Oxidation state of Pt = +2

(i) As the atomic size of nitrogen is smaller than phosphorus, therefore electron density on nitrogen atom is higher than that on phosphorus atom. Consequently the tendency of N in NH₃ to donate its lone pair of electrons is much higher than that of P in PH₃ . Thus, ammonia is stronger base than phosphine.
(ii) In vapour state sulphur partly exists as S₂ molecule which has two unpaired electrons in the antibonding π* orbitals like O₂ and, hence exhibits paramagnetic behaviour.

A = CH₃CH₂CH₂NH₂

B = CH₃CH₂CH₂OH

(i) In strongly acidic medium, aniline is protonated to form the anilinium ion which is meta directing.

(ii) Aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution with the anion formed by phthalimide.

(a) (iii) a 

(b) (ii) was 

(c) (iv) to 

(d) (i) round

Reasons for split

1. She gave left orientation 

2. overlooked syndicate bosses 

3. Presidential elections V.V Giri vs Neelam S,Reddy 

4. abolished privy purses 

5. Banks nationalised -some old guards were against it 

6. Sidelined some congress members 

7. Negated and overlooked policies- whip vs. conscience- not willing to follow conservative lines of policy. 

The two power blocs by emphasising their role during the Cuban missile crisis. 

The Eastern bloc and the Western bloc-WARSAW and the NATO were competitive blocs Two power blocs came into existence after the Second World War. The United States of America and Soviet Russia became two Superpowers. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba Face off Cuba and then arena of cold war where there was negotiated settlement between Kennedy and Khrushchev Turkeydismantling negotiated. USA obliged.  

(i) In 1937, under the Act of 1935 elections to the provincial legislatures were held first time. The congress did well winning an absolute majority in five out of 11 provinces. 

(ii) The Congress formed government in seven out of eleven provinces. The Congress and Muslim League performed badly in constituencies reserved for the Muslims. 

(iii) In NWFP, Bengal, Punjab, and Sind the Muslim league fared poorly. Only 4.4% of the total muslim vote cast in this election. Its social support was weak. 

(iv) The league failed to win a single seat in NWFP. It captured only two out of 84 reserved constituencies in Punjab and three out of thirty three in Sind.

Split of Congress in 1969 

i. Left wing orientation programme of Indira. She got the Congress Working Committee to adopt a Ten Point Programme in May 1967. This programme included social control of banks, nationalisation of General Insurance, and ceiling on urban property. 

ii. selection of Sh. V. V. Giri as the president against syndicate interest towards Sh. Sanjeeva Reddy 

iii. Abolition of privy purse 

iv. Side-lined syndicates -November 1969, the Congress group led by the ‘syndicate’ came to be referred to as the Congress (Organisation) and the group led by Indira Gandhi came to be called the Congress (Requisitionists). 

(a) Procedure: A Procedure is a series of steps that make up a chronological sequence, as an established way of performing the work to be accomplished. It gives a sequence to complete a work. For example, Procedure for selection of the candidates includes the following steps: Preliminary Screening, Selection Test, Employment interview, Selection decision, Medical examination, Employment contract, Induction and placement.

(b) Rule: Rules are specific statements that inform what is to be done and what is not to be done. They do not allow for any flexibility or discretion. They are to discipline human behaviour and generally associated with certain disciplinary action.

Following are the factors affecting working capital of a company:

(i) Length of operating cycle/Production cycle: Operating cycle refers to the length of the manufacturing cycle, i.e. the periods taken to convert raw materials into finished products. Longer period means more working capital is required and vice-versa.

(ii) Credit policy/Credit allowed: If liberal credit terms are given and a liberal policy is followed, then the, company would require more working capital as there is less cash inflow and vice-versa.

(iii) Nature of business: Manufacturing firm requires high amount of working capital as compared to a trading organisation, to convert raw materials into finished goods.

(iv) Scale of operations: Large amount of working capital is required by firm operating on a large scale of operations in terms of debt, inventory, etc. as compared to small scale firms.

(v) Seasonal factor: Higher amount of working capital is required by the organisation during its peak season as the level of activities is higher as compared to lean season.

(vi) Business cycle: During boom period, when sales are high, higher amount of working capital is required as compared to depression period.

(vii) Credit availed: If it is difficult to avail credit by the firm (on its purchases) from suppliers then, higher amount of working capital is required.

(viii) Availability of raw material: Higher lead time (i.e. time lag between the placement of order and actual receipt of the materials and interrupted availability of raw material will raise the requirements of working capital.

(ix) Operating efficiency: Less requirement of working capital will be there in a firm in the presence of best sales effort, ideal debtors turnover ratio and higher inventory turnover ratio.

(x) Level of competition: Working capital requirement will be more if level of competition is high.

(xi) Inflation: At a higher rate of inflation, working capital requirement will also higher.

(xii) Growth prospects: If an organisation has planned for higher growth prospects then its requirement for working capital will be higher.

Planning and controlling are mutually inter-related and inter-dependent activities because:

(i) Controlling is based on planning: Planning provides standards used in controlling to compare with actual performance.

(ii) Planning without controlling is meaningless: Controlling ensures that commitments under the plans are fulfilled and events confirm the plans.

(iii) Planning is prescriptive and controlling is evaluative: Planning prescribes the most appropriate course of action for achieving objectives while controlling evaluates whether decision have been translated into desired actions.

(iv) Both are forward looking: Planning is looking ahead as it is based on forecast about future and prepared for future only. Controlling aims also to improve future performance, if found any deviations.

(v) Both are looking back: Controlling is looking back as it measures and compares actual performance with standards fixed in the past. Planning is also a backward looking function as plans are guided by the past experiences.

The personal barriers are as follows:

(i) Lack of proper incentives: When there is no motivation or incentive for communication, subordinates may not take initiative to communicate.

(ii) Unwillingness to communicate: Sometimes, the subordinates are not willing to communicate with their superiors because they believe that if information is not correct, it will adversely affect them.

(iii) Lack of confidence of superior on his subordinates: Communication process is hampered when superior do not have faith or confidence on the competence of their subordinates. In such cases, superior may not seek advice or opinion of the subordinates.

(iv) Fear of challenge to authority: A superior always aims to maintain a higher position and prestige in the organisation. If he fears that a particular communication may adversely affect his authority, then he may with hold such communication.

Planning and controlling are interdependent and interrelated activities. Without planning, there is no basis for controlling activities and without effective controlling, planned activities cannot be properly implemented and there cannot be improvement in future plans. In the absence of plans, it is not possible to measure and assess performance. Whether performance is good, bad or reasonable it cannot be determined without specified standards. Likewise, in the absence of controlling, no purpose can be served by planning. Predetermined goals can be achieved only through the process of control which involves noting deviations from standards and taking corrective decisions, besides revising plans. Controlling also ensures realizing planned goals efficiently. Planning and controlling are thus, closely interrelated and infact reinforce each other. Planning, based on facts, makes controlling easier. Effective controlling improves future planning. It is often stated that planning is looking ahead and controlling is looking back. Controlling seeks to compel events conform to plans. It tries to compare actual performance with the standards set in advance. As actual performance related to the past, it may be said that controlling is looking back. However, this is not true, Like planning, control is also forward looking. Controlling helps in the adoption of new and revision of existing plans on the basis of actual performance against standards. Controlling provides valuable information derived from past experience for future planning. It ensures better utilization of resources in future by rectifying past features.

(a) Right to safety 

(b) ISI mark 

(c) Right to be informed: The consumer has a right to have a complete information about the product he intends to buy including its ingredients, date of manufacture, price, quantity etc. 

(d) Responsibility.

(a)Unity of command, Division of work, Discipline, Esprit-de-corps, Remuneration, Subordination of individual interest to general interests, Initiative are the principles given by Henry Fayol which are being violated by the company, ‘F’ Limited. 

(b)(i) Division of work people need specialization for effective performance. 

(ii) Unity of command. An employee in an organization must receive instruction from only one person. 

(iii) Discipline. All the employees and the shareholders must respect the rules, regulations and agreements that govern the organization. 

(iv) Esprit-de-corps. Promoting team spirit helps a lot in achieving organizational goals. 

(v) Remuneration. The compensation payable to the employees in the organization should be fair and reasonable. 

(vi) Subordination of individual interest to general. The interest of all the employees should also be linked with organizational objectives. 

(vii) Initiative. Employees should be given freedom to function in the organization with creativity and innovation. 

(c) Company should take some steps immediately to restore the company to its glory. First of all the required infrastructure should be treated to implement the changes successfully. Proper division of work among the workers should be done according to their potential/capability. It should be ensured that one worker should receive orders (and answerable) from only one superior. Proper compensation and motivating and disciplined environment should be developed in the company. Creativity/Ideas from workers should be welcomed and their interest should be taken care of and linked with company’s objectives.

Following are the functions of operational management i.e., lower level management: 

1. To oversee the efforts of the workforce and solve work-related problems of the employees. 

2. To interact with the actual workforce and pass on the instructions of the middle management to the workers. 

3. To ensure that the quality of output is maintained and wastage of material is minimised. 

4. To ensure safety standards are maintained.