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Four new sources of threats to security can be identified as follows: 

1. Terrorism is a war against democracy and a crime against humanity. It refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and discriminately to use it as a weapon against national government. It has become a global phenomena because even superpower is not free from terrorist attacks.

2. Human rights are those basic conditions which an individual is supposed to enjoy as a human being. These rights include political rights, freedom of speech and expression, economic rights, social and civil rights and rights of indigenous people to lead as honourable and dignified life.

3. Global poverty refers to low economic growth, low national income and low standard of living of developing or least developed countries.

4. Health epidemics is a very serious threat to a country’s security because severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), HIV-AIDS, bird flue etc. diseases spread across countries through migration business, tourism and military operations.

India and China are two big countries of Asia and two most popular countries in the world. Both the countries have expensive cultural contact since first century AD especially with the transmits of Buddhism from India to China. The announcement of the freedom of these two countries was almost in the same time period in 1947 for India and 1949 for China. India was one of the first countries to recognize the Communist Government of China. The slogan of ‘Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai’ was popular.

But 1950 onwards both the nations were involved in the differences on the issues of Tibet problem, border issues in Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin area of Ladakh, Chinese attack in 1962 and Chinese contribution to Pakistan’s nuclear programme. Relations between India and China began to improve slowly from the mid-1970, by a series of talks to resolve border issues in 1981.

Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China in 1980, Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s visit in 2003 have accommodated both the countries to maintain peace and tranquility on the border. Trade between India and China, which enjoys dominance in the global economy, has also stalled falling to $65 billion.

Now, relations of both the countries have strategic and economic dimensions.

• They are making efforts to revive harmonious attitude between themselves. 

• They are moving hand-in-hand to fight against terrorism, nuclear race and economic disparities. 

• By signing agreements on cultural exchange and cooperation in science and technology, both the countries are developing understanding and respect.

Role of ASEAN as an economic association —

 • The economy of ASEAN regions is growing much faster than that of the US, EU and Japan. 

• This accounts for the growth in its influence both in the region and beyond. 

• ASEAN is trying to create a common market and production base within the ASEAN states. 

• A mechanism is being evolved to settle and resolve the economic disputes. 

• ASEAN has focused on creating a free trade Asia for investment, labour and services. 

• Its vision 2020 defined an outward looking role for ASEAN in the international community. 

• The current economic strength of ASEAN is being trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economies such as India and China, Singapore and Thailand. 

• Two ASEAN members signed FTA with India.

World Politics refers to distribution of power among the countries of the world. These countries are engaged to gain and retain power by their capabilities.

Bandwagon Strategy : 

1. The best way to resist hegemony is to work with other than against the hegemony. So, instead of engaging in activities opposed to hegemonic power, it may be to extract benefits by operating within the hegemonic system. 

2. Another strategy named ‘Hide’ implies staying away from the dominant power as far as possible. All the big powers like China, Russia, the European Union are seeking to stay below the radar but this cannot go on for a long time. 

3. Some people believe that resistance to the US hegemony is the only solution but not from states who are unable to face the hegemony. 

4. Therefore, challenges to the US hegemony will emerge in the economic and cultural realms and will come from a contribution of Non-governmental Organizations social movements and public opinion. 

5. Resistance may be from the section of media and intellectuals, artists and writers.

India should not change its foreign policy and focus more on friendship with US, but India is required to maintain healthy relations with Russia because India has experienced a long band of mutual trust, interests and popular perceptions with Russia in the following manner: 

1. Russia and India share a vision of multipolar world order i.e. co-existence of several world powers internationally, collective security, greater regionalism, democratisation with the decision-making through bodies like the UN. 

2. More than 80 bilateral agreements have been experienced between India and Russia as a part of the Indo-Russia Strategic Agreement of 2001. 

3. India has been benefited from its relationship on the issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism, access to Central Asia and balancing its relation with China. 

4. Russia is also important for India’s nuclear energy plane and assisting India’s space industry by giving cryogenic rocket to India whenever needed. 

5. Co-operation with Russia and its republics like Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan in the form of partnership and investment in oil fields has also benefitted India. 

6. Russia is also benefitted from India on ground of the second largest arms market. Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia. 

7. Russia and India have collaborated on various scientific projects also.

Shock Therapy was the transitional form from authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe under the influence of the World Bank and IMF.

1. Hegemony as Hard Power: Tabasum was an artist living in Nigeria and was planning to join Art and Craft Academy to give proficiency to her artistic aptitude. But she lost her leg in 2003 missile attack by the US. After she overcame it, she made efforts to achieve and fulfill her dreams if the foreign armies leave her country. 

2. Hegemony as Structural Power: Tabish is very good in his studies in the countryside of Middle East Asia and is planning to study subjects from Arts stream to accommodate himself in different aspects as per requirements. But his parents want him to be a master in computers to become Software Engineer due to flair for job opportunities in the same. 

3. Hegemony as Soft Power: Mayank is a young and energetic man of Melbourne, immigrants from Russia. His father gets upset when he puts on black shirt with white jeans while he goes to church. He justifies that black colour signifies protest for freedom and white signifies freedom in a peaceful manner

Neutrality refers to a policy of staying out of war and not to help end a war. Nonaligned countries including India worked to prevent wars and rivalries between others

Some reforms to strengthen parties are:

• A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties.
• It should be mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about 1/3rd to the women candidates.
• There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to support the election expenses.

Corporate Social Responsibility is a form of positive publicity of its own organization by creating awareness and helping improve living conditions of the community and the society around you and your company or factory and beyond and doing your bit to contribute by actually doing it. Subsequently it helps project the company as a good corporate citizen. 

Firstly, it incorporates environment-friendly manufacturing practices, adopting non-polluting technologies, maintaining healthy surroundings, employee welfare schemes, providing medical and educational facilities to nearby villagers and various such things. Now-a-days these activities have become inevitable as they convey a leading edge corporate strategy which can be communicated effectively through corporate advertising. 

The company can communicate who they are, what they are and what they stand for. It largely compliments the corporate image change perceptions, attitudes, behaviour – to reality. Familiarity through CSR projects leads to favorability, building public awareness and appreciation.

The major functions of political parties: 

(i) In democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put by political parties.

(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. 

(iii) A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports. 

(iv) Parties play a decisive role in making laws in legislatures. 

(v) Political parties provide access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by the government.

Originally, radio or radiotelegraphy was called “wireless telegraphy”. In 1906 First Radio Tube was invented. The term “Radio” is said to have been coined by the advertising expert Waldo Warren and became common by the time of the first commercial broadcasts in the United States. In India, Radio Broadcasting started in 1927 with two privately owned transmitters. Soon the Government took over the broadcasting and named it the Indian Broadcasting Service. Later it was re-named All India Radio (AIR).

Advantages of Radio

• Wide coverage and costs are not too high.

• Can reach people on various occasions in diverse locations.

• Attracts attention using the persuasiveness of the human voice along with capturing music, it can sound “urgent” and compelling.

• Can be properly timed, to reach the target audiences.

• Target market can be reached in its own language.

Disadvantages

• By and large, radio cannot be a primary medium.

• It can only be used as a reminder or support medium.

• Has creative limitations.

• Audience profile and numbers cannot be known accurately.

Television has an important aspect in our lives. It is an audiovisual media which delivers impactful message. Now we have many 24 hour news and current affairs channel among others which reach almost 30 million Indian households.

• Wide coverage deep creative impact.

• High prestige, favourable flexibility.

• Rather high initial cost, limited viewer attention.

• Fleeting message requires frequent repetitions.

Outdoor media or OOH (out of home): One of the oldest methods of communication—it is actually a pre-print media. In its modern form, there are posters, hoardings, kiosks, banners, neon signs, and skywriting.

Outdoor advertising is designed to catch the eye and not to be read in detail. Repetition and reminders are its tremendous forces. OoH is a highly important contribution to many advertising campaigns.

• Length of message is restricted as the audience is on the move, and will not deliberately stop to see the advertisement.

• Competitive products are often found in close proximity.

• Not possible to pre-select a limited group of the public.

Secretary Generals of United Nations 

 a. Trygve Lie    → iv. Norway 

 B. Boutros-Boutros Ghali  →i. Egypt 

 C. Kofi Annan → ii. Ghana 

 D. U Thant  →iii. Burma (Myanmar)  

Oil the most important resource- In their uneven distribution and nonavailability to some nations, there always has been a struggle over them. The first and the second gulf war are the prime examples of this struggle.

Shah Commission was appointed to look into the abuse of authority taken in the wake of the emergency proclaimed on the 25th June 1975 

Shah Commission found that there were many’ excesses’ committed during the emergency. 

(i) Pancreas is the name of the gland and the hormone secreted is insulin.
(ii) Insulin helps in regulating blood sugar levels.
(iii) Deficiency of insulin cause diabetes.

Limitations of using electrical impulses are:
(i) They reach only those cells that are connected by nervous tissue and not each and every cell in the animal body.
(ii) Once an electrical impulse is generated in a cell and transmitted, the cell will make some time to reset its mechanisms before it can generate and transmit electrical impulse. Other means of communication is chemical communication or chemical coordination by compounds called hormones.

• When an electric current passes through a conductor for some time, the conductor gets heated up. 
• Thus heating of a conductor due to the flow of electric current through it is known as Joule's law of heating. 

Heat generated H = i²Rt

where i is the amount of current flowing though the conductor, R is the resistance of conductor and t is the time for which the current has flown.

The answer is (C) Harsh and Humiliating

James Roderick Evans was ‘quite a pleasant sort of chap’. He had no record of violence. He was one of the stars at the Christmas concert. But he was ‘just a congenital kleptomaniac.’ The prison officers called him ‘Evans the Break’. Thrice he had escaped from prison.

The peddler didn’t think very kindly of the world and its people. For him the world was a big rattrap to trap the people in. The world had been very unkind to him. So it gave him a great pleasure to think ill that people keep on circling around the bait and get caught in the trap.

From Calcutta both Gandhi and Rajkumar Shukla reached the city of Patna. He led Gandhi to a house of a lawyer, Rajendra Prasad. He was out of town. His servant knew Shukla as a poor share cropper from Champaran who troubled Prasad to take up the cause of indigo. Gandhi went there with Shukla for the first time. So they took him to be another peasant. The servant allowed both of them to stay on the ground.

1. Exposure to news and information 

2. Motivated to participate in popular sports 

3. Technology savy 

4. Enhance knowledge of curriculum subjects 

5. Impact on behaviour 

6. Influence of supermodels

Possible reasons for - 

Black zari border – Use of naphthalene ball turned zari (brocade) black. 

Holes – Carpet beetle have attacked on the sari. 

Precautions for storage of sar-

(i) Dry clean sari before storing it. 

(ii) It should be wrapped in clean white sheets or muslin cloth. 

(iii) They should be aired occasionally and refolded in opposite directions. 

(iv) Naphthelene balls should never be used. 

(v) Keep the saris in dry and insect proof boxes. 

(vi) Insert tissue paper between folds to prevent creases. 

Benefit:- 

a. Part owner of the company 

b. If company is having heavy profit, investor also gets share 

Drawback:- 

(a) no income tax rebate 

(b) can have loss also

a. For secretion of milk 

b. Mineral absorption efficiency increases

Features of DWCRA 

1 Improves socio-economic status of poor women and children form rural areas 

2 Facilitate access to any poor women to employment 

3 Impart training for skill development to poor women 

4 Help women to take up income generating schemes. 

5 Create assets and enhance standard of living

Two factors which effect expenditure of family are

(i) Inflation 

(ii)Family size

Direct (Non-money) Income consists of the goods and services availed by a family directly through their efforts or the efforts of the community without the use of money. In comparison, Indirect Real Income consists of those goods and services which are availed indirectly by a family in which some medium of exchange, usually money, is involved. 

Three ways in which my college studying brother and I can supplement the family income are

• Taking up part-time jobs My brother and I can work as a part-time shop salesperson or an accountant during the evening hours.
• Self-employment My brother and I can conduct tuitions, cookery classes, make candles, tailor clothes etc during our spare time. 
• Judicious use of possessions My family can use their land/ plot for growing vegetables which my brother or I can cultivate and sell.

Cephalocaudal development – Head to toe 

Proximodistal development – Centre of the body to the ends.

Adolescents are vulnerable to depression because –

(i) Negative life experiences and events during adolescent years. 

(ii) Worried about self and future. 

(i) Similarity –

Development of rural area 

(ii) Difference –

DWCRA - It is for the development of woman and children in rural area by generating self-employment whereas MGNREGA is for the development of all the people in rural area by generating wage employment.

All of us are consumers in one way or the other. Every consumer faces many problems while making purchases.

Four ways through which the shopkeeper generally cheat their customers are as following

• Weighing vegetables by using stones or bricks in place of standard weights.
• The shopkeeper may use magnet under the pan of the scale or iron rings hung on one side of the balance to make is heavier. 
• Through adulteration also a shopkeeper can cheat its customers.
• Weighing of goods alongwith their boxes is another way of cheating.
• We all are witness to price variation in the same product according to shop, locality or and city. Some

shopkeepers ever charge more than the printed MRP (Maximum Retail Price) by putting up their own price tags.

Six buying tips which may save anyone from being cheated are

• To check the weights and measures before making purchases.
• Before buying one must read the labels properly.
• Buying loose food stuff should be avoided. 
• Try to buy the product from reputed and established shops.
• While buying a product, one must demand a proper bill from the shopkeepers.
• If the consumer feels that the shopkeeper uses malpractice in weights and measures, he/she should immediately lodge a complaint with Weights and Measures bureau.

Members of a family may have different health status from time to time. People acquire life style diseases due to various factors. Their diet has to be modified keeping in mind the diseases he/she is suffering from. The diet should able to meet the nutritional needs of a particular person suffering from an ailment.

Two life style diseases can be 

• Diabetes.
• Hypertension.

Diabetes It is a metabolic disorder caused by low or no secretion of insulin harmone which is secreted by the B-cells of langerhans of Pancreas in the body. By the deficiency of insulin, glucose is not-converted into glycogen leading to increased level of glucose in blood. This disease causes weakness and loss of weight of the body. 

Dietary management for diabeties are 

• The concerned person should be given a high protein diet as they require more of a protein than a normal person i.e. 1.00 to 1.5 gm protein /kg. Body weight should be taken. 
• Give low carbohydrates if less then 40% of carbohydrates are consumed for energy, the possibility of ketosis increases. The main source of carbohydrates should be starch.
• Low fat dairy products should be given. 75% of fats should be unsaturated fat, as excessive fat should leads to faltening of arteries.
• Low sodium and low calorie diet should be given to diabetics. The diet should be high in fibres.

Hyper Tension or High Blood Pressure Regular flow of blood from heart in the body due to diastolic and systolic pressure of heart. If there is any obstruction in the flow of the blood, then heart has to pump the blood with more force causing high blood pressure. This state is known as hypertension. As this disease may lead to other complications also, care is needed to select the diet of such patients.

Dietary Management for hypertension is

• Calories People suffering from hypertension should maintain their body weight to avoid workload on arteries. Therefore, their diet should be of less calorie value.
• Fats Due to hypertension, the flexibility of arteries is reduced because of deposition of cholesterol in them. Therefore, hypertension patients should avoid animal fats and saturated fatty acids. Intake of unsaturated fats should be restricted to 40 gms.
• Proteins Hypertension patients should also avoid protein rich diet such as — meat, fish, egg and milk because protein rich food contains more of sodium also. They should restrict the intake of protein upto 20 gms only.
• Minerals Calcium and Potassium are essential nutrients during hypertension to excrete excess amount of sodium from the body. Hypertension patients should consume barley, lobhia, bathu, mustard leaves and pumpkin as they do not contain any sodium.
• Induce a variety of fruits and vegetables in diet as they contain potassium and fibre. They have an opposite effect to sodiurn and prevent water retention, thereby reducing blood pressure.

Four symptoms of diabetes are frequent urination, excessive thirst and hunger, delayed healing of wounds and cuts, impaired vision, weight loss and tingling sensation in hands and feet. Four major considerations in dietary management of diabetes are

1. High protein and low carbohydrate diet.

2. Consume limited artificial sweeteners and fruits in moderation.

3. Eat smaller portions every 2 to 3 hours.

4. Consume liquids every hour.

Two food items which should be liberally allowed to a diabetic patient are kidney beans and onions, as they are both high in fibre while being low in carbohydrates

Five steps for daily wear clothes are: 

(a)  Sort out daily clothes such as handkerchief, socks etc 

(b)  Keep small articles in separate drawers 

(c)  Hang in air to remove the smell of sweat 

(d)  Put shirts, pants in hangers 

(e)  Coats should be hanged after brushing before storing 

(f)  Used clothes should be kept in different almirah 

(g)  Use insecticides in cupboards

Steps for safe storage of occasional wear clothes:

(a)  Dry clean the clothes if required 

(b)  Clothes should be properly folded 

(c)  Mothballs, neem leaves can be used 

(d)  Don’t store starched clothes 

(e)  Clothes should be properly dried 

(f)  Wrap leather garments in newspaper

Five types of investment schemes offered by banks:

a.  Saving account- popular account, opened to deposit short sums of money periodically

b.  Current account- popular with businessmen , provide facility of unlimited deposits, no interest paid, overdraft facility available

c.  Recurring deposit scheme- fixed amount deposited periodically, at maturity investor get capital amount with interest 

d.  Fixed deposits- money fixed for specified period, more rate of interest than saving account

e.  Cash certificates- kind of deposit purchased for a particular amount, quarterly installments paid till account completes its entire amount. Available in various denominations of Rs. 1000, Rs. 5000.

Climate-  in winter people select silk or wollen clothes, dark colour as it absorb heat. In summer light colour, and cotton clothes preferred as it absorb moisture. People living in very hot climates as in deserts need to wear turbans of thick cloth to protect their heads and wear long robes to stay cool. 

Occupation – clothes gives identity to a person. Many professions have a specific dress code .for example people working in the hotel industry, airlines, traffic policemen, security guards and so on 

fashion – adolescents wants to wear latest style. Want more varieties. For them selection do not depend on construction but on fashion. select clothes which they can mix and match so that they can achieve variety with few clothe four points to be kept in mind while selecting fabric for grandmother: 

a.  Comfortable

b.  Small prints

c.  Light colours 

d.  Easy to maintain 

e.  Durable 

Reason – consuming adulterated food with argemone. 

Two other symptoms 

(i) Kidney failure 

(ii) Gastrointestinal disturbances/irregular fever 

Three steps to prevent it 

i. Buy sealed and packed food items 

ii. Purchase from reputed shop 

iii. Buy reputed brands which have genuine standardized marks 

iv. Read the label carefully  

i. Soak in plain cold water 

ii. Soak the stain in warm soapy water 

iii. Bleach in sunlight 

iv. Treat with diluted alkaline solution 

v. Use diluted acid 

vi. Apply oxidizing bleach 

vii. Apply reducing bleach 

viii. If stain persists, repeat the steps (IV to VII) in same order. 

Electrophiles are electron deficient species and can accept an electron pair from electron rich species. Examples include carbocations and carbonyl compounds. A nucleophile is electron rich species and donates electron pairs to electron deficient species. 

Examples include carbonions, water , ammonia, cyanide ion etc.

Valence shell where the valence electrons are present which are loosely held and are easily removed from the metal atom.

The rest part of the atom which consists of the nucleus and all the shells except the valence shell is called the kernel. According to electron gas theory, a metal is a sea of valence electrons where the positively charged kernels are dipped or immersed. The valence electrons can flow throughout the body of the metal.

With the increase in temperature the kernels vibrate with greater amplitude and creates greater obstacles to the path of free electrons .i. e. the metal’s resistance to the movement of electrons increase. 

They can't hear an echo in small room because in it the sound can't be reflected back. For an echo of a sound to be heard,the minimum distance between the source of sound and the walls of the room should be 17.2 m. Obviously,in a small room echoes cannot be heard.

Hibernation is the winter sleep seen in cold-blooded animals in polar regions in which they suspend their metabolic activities when external temperature becomes unfavourable. Whereas, diapause is the phenomenon seen in insects during their developmental stages, in which metabolic activities are suspended due to unfavourable conditions.

Fats and Proteins rich foods have high satiety value.

Requirement of calories in boys in the age group of 16-17 years is 3020 Kcal.

(i) Genetic diversity : Diversity / variation within a species over its distributional range / same explained with the help of a correct example.

(ii) Species diversity : Diversity / variation at a species level / same explained with the help of a correct example.

Detailed Answer : 

Difference between genetic diversity and species diversity :

 Difference between genetic diversity and species diversity :